tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77736047641563326332024-03-13T03:56:11.578-07:00超克藍綠超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.comBlogger201125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-32155078766459352712017-06-26T11:04:00.000-07:002020-06-28T01:06:53.098-07:00從自在國族到自為國族(by 格瓦推)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">圖說:</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1640 Map of
Formosa-Taiwan by Dutch</span> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">荷蘭人所繪福爾摩沙--台灣</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">圖片來源:</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wikimedia
Commons</span> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">@<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1640_Map_of_Formosa-Taiwan_by_Dutch_%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%80%E7%B9%AA%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3.jpg">公有領域</a></span></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文原分為三篇,首刊於極光電子報(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/61449234.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結1</span></a>,<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/61480704.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結2</span></a>,<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/61598147.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結3</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>【引言】</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在中華民國體制之下,台灣是否能夠作為一個國家?如何可能作為一個國家?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族國家(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">État-nation</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的內涵源自於</span><span lang="FR">1648</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年西發利亞條約:以有邊界的領土(土地)、特定群體的政治共同體(人民)為核心,而建立主權的概念。以此為基礎所成立的治理組織(政府),運作的目的在於回應共同體的需求。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,「民主的原則與價值,不足以確保集體性的凝聚,這只能形成一個骨架,至於肉身,必須靠著有歷史意義的象徵與地方所傳遞的情感來承載。」~</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Pierre Nora</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《記憶所繫之處》</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華民國的國族想像無法符應台灣的土地與人民,中華民族的打造是缺乏土地、歷史、記憶作為基礎的殖民工程。僅是治理機器的有效運作,不足以支持國家的存在;國族打造的缺席,會造成共同體的形成與社會的凝結,都失去了基礎。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以台灣為主體的新共和,除了法理憲政的課題,同時需要一場國族再確定運動(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">mouvement de réaffirmation nationale</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),包括台灣主體意識行動的集結,以及足以形成國族面貌與內涵的文化工程。這不只是為了從中華民國認同轉變為台灣認同的認同轉型(</span><span lang="FR">t<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ransition identitaire</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),也是為了讓沈睡的台灣國族(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nation en soi / nation-in-itself</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)覺醒,成為一個有意識推動自我建構的國族(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nation pour soi / nation-for-itself</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">圖說:這不是我的國歌~<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Li-Chin Lin,</span> </span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>FORMOSE</i></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,</span><span lang="FR">Éditions çà et là</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>一,受殖的國族</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無母國所以非殖民?</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華民國在台灣是否是一種殖民體制?所謂殖民統治,具有「外來性」與「歧視性」二要素;簡而言之,就是外來政權對佔領地(本土)的統治具有歧視性,包括在文化、經濟、政治等面向的支配與剝削。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此處所說的歧視,主要是在制度層面,諸如:劃分母國族群與本土族群在社會、經濟與政治地位的差異,塑造母國文化與本土文化的優劣階序,強殖母國的國族認同於本土住民</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這些壓迫與被壓迫的現象,都與國族因素有關</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民者的國族主義壓迫受殖地的國族認同,不論受殖者有無本土的國族意識。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是依據古典的慣例,殖民多有「以母地利益為優先」的性質;而流亡於台灣的中華民國,是否已失去其母國(中國)?是否能將之視為殖民?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以</span><span lang="FR">Ronald John
Weitzer </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提出的遷佔者國家(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">settler
state</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)概念,被部分學者用於描述戰後來到台灣的中華民國:由支配本土居民(台灣人)的新移民(中國人)所建立的國家。此概念與「殖民地國家」(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">colonial state</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的一個重要差異是:遷佔者(外來統治者)已與母國分離。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若林正丈就是主張以遷佔者國家來定位戰後的中華民國。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「獨立於境外母國」與「殖民統治」是衝突的概念嗎?我們可以探索黃昭堂為何將中華民國定義為「失去母國的殖民王朝」:「失去母國」之謂,其理路看似順著遷佔者國家的脈絡,但是為何依舊名為「殖民王朝」?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考李筱峰、黃智慧等學者的分析,可如是理解:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華民國體制所指向的國家認同,依舊是其母土,例如國號、憲法與本國史的內容。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華民國自己就是母國;即使作為法統與中央的中華民國,和作為受殖地的台灣,兩造的土地與人民,幾乎是重疊狀態。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「失去母國」與「殖民」同時成立的紐帶,是「流亡政權統治新佔領地」,這是中華民國特色。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不過,以「與母國的關係」來規範殖民的定義,一旦過於偏執,則會侷限在殖民者(中華民國)處境的分析,而忽略了受殖者(台灣)的遭遇。在受殖地而言,殖民與否是看壓迫本土的外來體制是否終結,而非殖民者與其母國或母土的關係與利益是否變化。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就如黃智慧在〈中華民國在台灣(</span><span lang="FR">1945-1987</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「殖民統治」與「遷佔者國家」說之檢討〉一文所述,史明以受殖者的遭遇為視角,分析以武力為後盾的中華民國體制,其外來性與歧視性,因此視之為殖民;以及王育德、楊基振等人,以受殖者的角度比較日本殖民與中華民國殖民。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,儘管</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ronald John
Weitzer</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與若林正丈都將遷佔者國家與殖民地國家區隔;但是英文的</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">settler state</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在法文的表述就是</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">État colonial</span>——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民地國家,遷佔者政權就是殖民統治。就如</span><span lang="FR">1965-1980</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的南羅德西亞:</span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1895</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年英國殖民者</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cecil John Rhodes</span> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">於非洲南部建立殖民國家「羅德西亞」,</span><span lang="FR">1911</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年分裂為南北羅德西亞。南羅德西亞於</span><span lang="FR">1965</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年宣布脫離英國而獨立,</span><span lang="FR">1980</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年終結白人殖民統治,建立辛巴威共和國。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">南羅德西亞在</span><span lang="FR">1965</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年宣布「脫英」後,依然是外來的白人殖民統治本土的黑人,直到</span><span lang="FR">1980</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年為止。在這段期間,「與母國關係終止」的南羅德西亞,依然是殖民統治。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華民國在台灣,是殖民統治還是遷佔者國家?我傾向黃智慧的結論:「流亡到新佔領地的殖民政權」。雖然她的分析限於</span><span lang="FR">1945-1987</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,此處不便代為延伸;但因為中華民國體制的外來性與歧視性仍未終結,即使有解嚴之後的民主化,個人認為這只能描述為「殖民體制已鬆動」,而不能驟然稱為「已經去殖民」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">圖說:<span lang="FR">1965</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年,南羅德西亞總理</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ian Smith</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">簽署的〈單方面獨立宣言〉。</span></span></td></tr>
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<b><span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民體制下的國族壓迫</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解嚴、國會改選、總統直選之後,中華民國是否仍為殖民體制?台灣是否仍為受殖地?即使對「殖民」之名有所疑慮,不妨檢視一些具有殖民之實的現象:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">a.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以中國為國家認同的國名。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">b.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以中國為法統的憲法。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">c.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以華語為唯一官方語言。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">d.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國史與中華民國史仍然作為「本國史」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">e.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華文化基本教材作為中學必修。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">f.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">忠烈祠所彰顯的中國國族主義。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">g.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孫文作為「國父」高懸於公家機關。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">h.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣各地鄉鎮街道的命名仍以中國為中心。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣是全世界最大的中國城</span><span lang="FR"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">製圖:詹雅仁</span></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分析中華民國對台灣的壓迫,不能忽略國族認同因素。雖然不能將所有中華民國體制的問題都以國族的視角分析,但若刻意迴避國族元素,則無法解釋殖民性格的霸權與歧視等現象。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在繼續分析中華民國體制的殖民性格之前,先簡略說明「何謂國族」?為基本概念下定義,是最高難度的學術工作。此處不梳理</span><span lang="FR">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個概念的歷史變革,也不廣泛比較各家之言,僅提出一個相對普遍於當代的定義</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政治共同體:「生活在共同的土地,意識到他們歷史與文化的統一,並建構政治實體的人群整體」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nation</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在台灣學界有個廣為人知的描述:「想像的共同體」。此概念的基本定義可見諸《想像的共同體》一書的譯者吳叡人的導讀:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「它是一種想像的政治共同體</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並且,它是被想像為本質上是有限的,同時也享有主權的共同體。這個主觀主義的定義聰明地迴避了尋找民族的客觀特徵的濫仗,直指集體認同的認知面向</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">想像不是捏造,而是形成任何群體認同所不可或缺的認知過程,因此想像的共同體這個名稱指涉的不是什麼虛假意識的產物,而是一種社會、心理學上的社會事實</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果僅是以威權體制、恩庇侍從體制來分析中華民國在台灣,雖然可以部分貼近黨國一體架構下的極權統治,但無法說明公民與文化階序的不平等,更無法說明國族認同的強殖。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於公民與文化階序的不平等,例如:戰後中國移民與台灣本土住民的差別待遇,(中華民國版的)中國文化與台灣本土文化的資源配置落差(最顯著的就是華語與本土語言的落差);至於國族認同的強殖,則是鋪天蓋地的「我是中國人」的洗腦(中華民國對台灣的國族認同壓迫,不只表現在對台灣認同的壓抑,更表現為主體的置換:以中國認同取代台灣認同)。以上幾點,概括而言,就是外來的中國人事物居於霸權地位,本土的台灣人事物則飽受壓迫。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">遷佔者政權的概念,即使可以解釋戰後中國移民相對於台灣本土住民的優越地位(以威權體制維持遷佔者的優勢),但必須加入國族因素的分析,才能看到那條劃分地位的線的本質。如同若林正丈那種純粹「遷佔者政權」的描述,看到了「省籍」的差別待遇,但對於指出此差別待遇的本質是國族認同因素,則保守許多。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">缺乏國族視角,則可能如某些觀察,將中華民國在台灣的問題分析為「只有階級問題,沒有國族問題」、「只是文化霸權</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,無關國族認同」;甚至因此提出「民主解決一切」、「只談民主(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">démocratie</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),不談民族(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nation</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)」等救濟方案;更嚴重的誤解,就是以為民主與民族在本質上對立。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以佛國喬在〈從馬王鬥中,重看地方派系與侍從主義〉(<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB%E8%B5%B7%E5%8D%97/%E6%A5%B5%E5%85%89-%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%85%E5%B7%B4vs%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%85%E8%82%A5%E5%9C%A8%E9%A6%AC%E7%8E%8B%E9%AC%A5%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8D%E7%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B4%BE%E7%B3%BB%E8%88%87%E4%BE%8D%E5%BE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9/233491250137898/"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)一文提出「地位(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">statut</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)政治邏輯」,以具有國族意識的角度分析中華民國的統治:外省權貴以中國國族主義為核心,打造一種以中華民國為標籤的新宗教,推展中華民國版的中國文化。當中華民國成為台灣的集體認同、中國文化象徵著高級的文化資本,中國移民的優勢地位,及其理所當然的統治權威,就更有基礎。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">考察中華民國體制的統治方法與內容,充滿以中國國族主義為中心而劃分的地位階序,而不是單純的「不同政經階級間的利益交換」</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">恩庇侍從體制。例如以血緣區分外省人與台灣人的差別待遇;以文化的認同或同化程度區分中國化(外省化)與未中國化(本土)的文化資本;在政治經濟、語言文化與國族認同的資源分配,處處可見中華民國體制對台灣本土的歧視。在這種殖民體制之下,中華性親者貴、疏者庸、闕者鄙,以此結構「核心</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">邊陲</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">化外」的權力、利益與品味階序,大致如此。這種地位政治邏輯,亦展現在民進黨的權力結構中,例如姚人多認為國民黨是個較有品味的政黨</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相較於草根的民進黨。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以不論母國之有無,考察上述基於國族意識形態而來的壓迫,中華民國在台灣都是殖民體制。也因為中華民國是殖民體制,所以會在國族面向對台灣本土諸事有諸多歧視。兩者可互為解釋。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分析中華民國在台灣的種種問題,若刻意迴避國族的視野,除了部分人是因為難宣之於口的中國國族認同,其餘多是受到「國族」與「國族主義」等概念被污名化的影響,所以拒絕以國族關懷作為一種分析基礎。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">有沒有國族關懷,對台灣社會的分析大不同。</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>二,國族主義運動</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族意識</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如同階級鬥爭需要以階級意識為基礎,性別運動需要以性別意識為基礎,解殖運動亦需要以國族意識為基礎。此處所說的「意識」,並不限於自我處境的認知,廣義地說,是指能意識到階級問題、性別問題、國族問題的存在,並以之分析現象。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以有人雖然看到了中華民國體制與台灣的不相容,甚至看到了其外來性格與台灣本土的扞格,但是因為缺乏國族意識的視角,而看不到隱藏在所謂「中華民國不夠本土化」修辭之下的,是台灣國族意識被中國國族主義的壓迫,當然也無法辨識中華民國體制是一種殖民統治。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">受殖地要解除殖民壓迫,要贖回、伸展或建構國族主體,要建立國族國家,不能缺乏本土的國族認同集結,也就是本土的國族主義(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nationalisme</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族主義</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">何謂國族主義?我們很難為這個詞下個周全的一般性定義。簡單來說,國族主義是一種政治原則,誕生於</span><span lang="FR">18</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀末,目的在於維護國族國家存在的合法性(相對於君主政體)。其訴求為:將國族的組成單元與政體結合在一起,為國族附加一座政治屋頂。國族主義也是一種政治運動,透過各類形式(國家、文化、宗教、部族、種族、傳統)而凝聚一個國族,以區別於其他國族。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族主義的特性,有「邊界」與「結合」;這是形成政治共同體的必要條件。但這兩個特性,也為國族主義招致疑慮:邊界是否發展為排外?結合是否發展為壓迫少數或個人的集體主義?在回應此疑慮之前,我們先對兩大類型的國族主義進行概略了解。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">a.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">部族國族主義(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nationalisme ethnique</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主張由國族創造國家;並主張國族是由群體的共同遺產而形成,可以包括:相同的語言、文化、宗教、歷史、部族起源、傳統、道德</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等。相對於公民國族主義,部族國族主義強調血緣上的系譜,較不考慮政治性的劃分、人口遷移、文化交流與共同體內部的多元現象。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">b.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公民國族主義(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nationalisme civique</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主張國族是公民自由意志的結合</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「國族是永無休止的全民表決,以標誌共同生活的意志」(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">La nation est
un référendum quotidien caractérisé par la volonté de vivre ensemble.</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ernest Renan,</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Qu’est-ce qu’une nation ?</i></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),以契約論的精神結合人民、土地、國家的三位一體。相對於部族國族主義,這是修正的、開放的結合,含納平等、自由、寬容等價值,並兼容差異的個體權利(所謂差異,例如血緣與文化)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以契約論為基礎的公民國族主義與以原初論為基礎的部族國族主義,二者雖然對立,但前者所絕對揚棄的,是以血緣定義國族。至於文化、語言與歷史等元素是否可納入公民國族主義的國族定義?綜觀世界知名的理論家,恐怕只有極端的契約論者才會將之抽離。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">西方學界無人立基於純粹的契約論來討論國族主義,沒有人認為空洞的「永無休止的全民表決」可維持一個國族的存在。純粹「永無休止的全民表決」不足以形成國族,所謂政治共同體,必須展現共同生活的意志;這種意志是一種對「我群」的政治認同,而我群的邊界之所以形成,可以來自土地、社會價值、政治制度、文化、語言、歷史</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等因素。公民國族主義並非摒棄語言、文化、歷史等元素作為國族的成因,相較於部族國族主義,二者的差異,在於對不同的語言、不同的文化、不同的歷史記憶的兼容程度。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">圖說:在一起</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">暫且放下國族主義的類型,在工業化之後,任何政治共同體之所以能建構與運作的關鍵,在於文化。說得更準確些,是以基本教育為基礎的社會化:例如以共享的語文作為溝通、分工與規範的媒介。這種對於文化同質性的需求,是國家與文化必須結合的主因。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前述國族主義的訴求:「將國族的組成單元與政體結合在一起」,至此可以改寫為</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ernest Gellner</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在《國族與國族主義》所說的:「將文化與政體結合在一起」。亦如其所言:「國族主義是新形式社會組織的結果,立基於深層內化且依賴教育的高級文化之上,且各自依靠其所屬國家來保護。」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族主義雖然要求文化的同質性,但究其本質,是將同質性的客觀需求反應在國族主義上;不過不可否認,亦有國族主義者操作為「將同質性強加在政治支配下的差異個體」,例如中華民國與中華人民共和國都在推動的中國國族主義(屬於部族國族主義類型),即堅持一種虛構的同質性(例如:同文同種),強加在其統治的領地,甚至成為泛中華主義(作為兼併他者的藉口)或殖民主義(同化受殖地)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公民國族主義的倡議,可以避免上述的同化暴力。台獨運動者所推動的台灣國族認同,必須是一場公民國族主義運動。就如同蘇格蘭獨立運動中,英國左派歌手</span><span lang="FR">Billy Bragg</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為蘇格蘭國族主義的捍衛:蘇格蘭民族黨(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">SNP</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所追求的是包容的社會,不論來自何方,只講人的在地性,也就是所謂公民國族主義。(台灣歐盟觀察編譯,<a href="https://www.facebook.com/321847293815/photos/a.10152798043088816.1073742095.321847293815/10152798043173816/"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣國族主義</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣要終結中華民國的殖民,要抵抗中華人民共和國的再殖民,要建立以台灣為共同體的國家,不能缺乏台灣國族認同的集結,也就是台灣國族主義運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所謂台灣國族主義,同時可以包括:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">a.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">訴求建構一個台灣人的國家(</span><span lang="FR">État</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家打造。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">b.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">訴求打造一個能符應土地(台灣)的政治共同體(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nation</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族打造。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">史明舉戰後亞、非、中南美洲的獨立運動為例,都以國族主義為旗幟向帝國主義進行鬥爭。對比那些成功的案例,史明批評了台灣國族主義在台灣的普遍缺席,正是台灣至今仍為受殖地社會的主因。他認為台灣四百年來皆是殖民地社會,台獨的鬥爭對象是目前的殖民者中華民國,以及從不掩飾帝國野心的中華人民共和國,台獨運動必須以台灣民族主義為基礎:政治上要建設台灣獨立國家,經濟上要發展台灣國民經濟,文化上要發展台灣固有文化。(詳見史明《台灣民族主義》)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃昭堂也自許為「那想那利斯文」(ナショナリズム)之徒,他深知台灣國族主義是台灣人意識的結合和呈現,也是凝聚人心,激發建國熱情的動力。同時,黃昭堂清楚地拒絕了狹隘的部族國族主義,而主張:「</span><span lang="FR">nationlism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一定要擺脫狹隘的民族國家定義,要以價值與事實的認同取代血緣與文化的認同,才能建立一個多族群、多語言、多文化的現代化民主國家。」(酥餅〈黃昭堂的那想那利斯文〉,<a href="http://reader.roodo.com/subing/archives/18642061.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">衡諸歷史與現況,台獨對抗的是中華民國的殖民與中華人民共和國的侵略,這不只是政治體制、生活方式的抉擇,在本質上而言,這是國族認同的抉擇:台灣人不是中國人。所以台獨運動不能缺乏台灣國族主義,甚至台獨就是台灣國族主義運動。正如王育德所言:「要促進獨立運動,發揚台灣民族主義是不能缺少的前提,因此必須讓台灣人明確意識到自己是台灣人。」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是台灣學界普遍看到西方對國族主義的某些負面評價(一種自省式的評價),或警戒,因此而瀰漫著將國族主義視為排外、集體主義的見解,例如只看到傳統部族國族主義強調血緣的面向,卻沒看到公民國族主義將土地認同與自由主義精神的結合。這種對國族主義的偏見普遍影響了各類公民運動,所以某些以台獨份子自詡者,會有「台獨可以無涉國族認同」的迷思,甚至發生「要台灣認同但不要台灣國族主義」的矛盾。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣是個多元族群的社會,台獨是以台灣認同進行解殖工程。考察台獨運動的歷史,史明、王育德、黃昭堂等前輩所倡議的台灣國族主義,皆排斥以血緣界定台灣國族:史明與王育德皆以地緣因素與殖民地受壓迫的共同命運,論證台灣國族之形成;黃昭堂甚至為了避免與血緣論混淆,以「那想那利斯文」取代國族主義一辭,主張以土地與國家認同來定義台灣人。上述以土地為邊界的國族認同,在當代已與民主價值結合,就是台獨運動者所倡議的台灣公民國族主義。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">圖說:獨立運動必然伴隨著國族主義,港獨亦然</span></td></tr>
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<b><span lang="FR">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小結</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族主義不必然導向法西斯甚至種族主義(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">racisme</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。國族主義的光譜很廣,即使是部族國族主義,雖然納粹走到種族主義、中華民國走到殖民主義、中華人民共和國走到泛中華主義;但是甘地、反納粹的自由法國地下武裝人員、曼德拉、二十世紀反帝國運動等,也都是反殖反帝的國族主義者。在反殖反帝的脈絡下,對於部族國族主義的集結,我們不應尺度過於嚴苛地否定其價值。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使不區分國族主義的類型,只鑑諸國族主義曾經帶來的壓迫,至少也要學習</span><span lang="FR">Jean Genet</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對脈絡的尊重:「國族主義是最愚蠢的想法,但是對於沒有國族的人例外。」(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Le nationalisme est la plus bête des idées, sauf pour ceux qui n’ont
pas de nation.</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族主義對於渴望建構國族的群體而言,是一種不可或缺的力量。甚至,當國族主義是訴求以國家保護政體與文化的結合時,面對全球化的浪潮,「國族認同即是在強調自身擁有著政治與文化的獨特性(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">singularité</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)」(詳見馬赫‧起南〈全球化或者是要主體性?〉,<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB%E8%B5%B7%E5%8D%97/%E6%A5%B5%E5%85%89%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%85%E5%B7%B4vs%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%85%E8%82%A5%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%98%AF%E8%A6%81%E4%B8%BB%E9%AB%94%E6%80%A7/308075486012807"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>),與土地認同息息相關的國族主義,可以協助抵抗全球化所帶來的均質化,並保護政治實體的主體性。如果將國族認同僅視為一種內捲的、排外的力量,是無知的偏執;國族主義對於政治共同體主體性的建構,以及此共同體立足於地球村的姿態或策略,都可以有所貢獻。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政治共同體不可能沒有邊界,邊界不是必要之惡,而是人間的政治邏輯。如同〈在暴力與民族主義之中的普世價值〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">顫抖民族,<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/32032843.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)一文所解釋,普世價值不可能以「不分你我」的烏托邦方式實現,「界線」才是普世價值的起點:拒絕被他人侵犯,所以透過暴力的邏輯在叢林中圍出一道牆,把普世價值留在裡面,把叢林法則隔在外面。一個充滿進步價值的政治共同體,是在邊界內實現價值、守護價值。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>三,文化與國族打造</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那記憶所繫之處</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家打造的課題不只是治理機器的有效運作,還需涉及共同體的形成與社會的凝結,也就是國族打造</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由國家所體現的象徵、文化與認同。缺乏國族打造的國家打造,會導致治理失序的國家失敗。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如前所述,</span><span lang="FR">Ernest Renan</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">1823-1892</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)在</span><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Qu'est-ce qu'une nation ?</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(何謂國族?)如此定義</span><span lang="FR">nation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:「國族是永無休止的全民表決,以標誌共同生活的意志。」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族由二者共構:</span><span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">共同的歷史記憶(過去),</span><span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">共同生活的意志(現在)。國族認知的形成,可以來自土地、社會價值、政治制度、文化、語言、歷史</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等共享之物;國族認同的存在,是為了持續創造上述共享之物的價值,這就是共同生活的意志。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣是台灣人的記憶所繫之處(</span><span lang="FR">lieu
de mémoire</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。國族主義只是一種政治原則,我們必須追問:國族認同的集體認知如何可能?除了共享共構共同體的制度與價值,除了地緣因素所造成休戚與共的命運連帶,以台灣為主體的新共和,還需要足以形成國族特色的文化工程,以協助國族認同的再確定,並從中國認同的泥淖中脫困。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也就是說,我們需要透由本土文化的繼承、創造與詮釋,打造台灣的國族面貌。</span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族作為文化共同體</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使我們不能以文化概括國族的所有元素,但文化確實是政治共同體的必要共享媒介,如</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Emest Gellner</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所言:「是生命之血。」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所謂文化,是指後天的人文特徵,是一套思想、表達、社交,以及行為與溝通方式的體系,包含藝術、文學、科學、生活時尚、法律、價值系統、傳統、信仰</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族作為文化性的共同體,文化是國族的面貌。「想像的共同體」一詞直指集體認同的認知面向;而認知雖有主觀色彩,但是就如海德格對「此在」(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dasein</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的考察,理解是在整體關係的結構中起作用,發生於所遭遇的世界。國族認同的集體認知,土壤是文化。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在中華民國體制之下,台灣社會的認同錯亂,「我是中國人」不時糾纏著「我是台灣人」的國族認同。此現象不只緣於中華民國之名,更普遍且深層的因素,是涵蓋語言、歷史記憶、美學品味等領域的中國文化殖民,亦即台灣共同體的文化認知被中國同化。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這並非指控中國文化的殖民性格,此處批判的對象,是中華民國體制</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以中國文化為工具,同化受殖地台灣。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文化解殖所要對抗者,是中華民國體制所造成的中國文化霸權現象,及其所建構的中國中心認知;而非拒絕中國文化存在於台灣。文化解殖的訴求,是以台灣為主體,依平權、比例與扶弱的原則,翻整出多元文化得以復育與成長的土壤。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族必須以文化來標誌,台灣需要清晰的文化特色以表徵自己;同時基於對抗中華民國與中華人民共和國的泛中華主義,避免國族面貌被中國襲奪,台灣國族必須透由台灣文化而可以自我認知與被他者認知。在國族打造的課題中,文化工程是重中之重。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國族文化的建構與詮釋</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣國族文化的打造,需要:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">A.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有國族意識的文化建構</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(例</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)透過公共資源的分配,扶持母語(複數)在教育、藝文的發展,以及在媒體、國家考試佔有合理的比例。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(例</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)代表台灣的電影獎不該再是「華人」影獎,而應思考現階段的國族進程,台灣需要什麼電影環境?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(例</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)台灣不需要彰顯中國國族主義的中華民國忠烈祠,我們需要能敘述台灣歷史、形塑何謂台灣的台灣先賢祠,就像法國的</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Panthéon</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">B.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有國族意識的文化詮釋</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(例</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)莫將本土文化錯誤架接源頭於中國,就像五月節(五日節)不來自屈原的典故,台語客語也不是源於中原。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(例</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)將具有本土元素的藝文創作,發展(含論述)為國族美學的養分,不論創作者有無此意圖。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(例</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)台灣史作為本國史,中國史作為外國史。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">圖說:在</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Panthéon</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">內紀念著伏爾泰、盧梭、雨果、大仲馬、居里夫婦</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不論是建構或詮釋,在國族與文化的課題中,語言的問題都可以被視為核心。尤其以台灣現況而言,語言政策的解殖,必須是國族主義運動的重點。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一方面因為國族對於文化的同質性有一定程度的要求,作為公共溝通媒介的語言,經常是國族的重要特徵之一。如果仍以華語為唯一官方語言,亦不改變其寡佔資源的獨尊地位,等於不動搖殖民語言的絕對優勢,這對於國族認知要從中國轉型為台灣極為不利,更何況台灣還鄰近著泛中華主義高漲的帝國。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一方面,語言不只是工具,透過一種存有學(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ontologie</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的關懷,「語言是存有的安宅」</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">唯有在語言之中,事物才生成並存在(海德格《形上學導論》)。每種語言都含藏著「已經形成視見的方式」,所以存有本身就是語言性的,我們是存在語言中而生活、視見。發展哪些語言作為台灣的公共語言,預示著國族文化的可能風格。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以我們可以明白,為何立陶宛、拉脫維亞、烏克蘭、愛爾蘭、韓國、越南的解殖工程中,都將本土語言賦予官方語言或第一官方語言的地位;台灣國族的打造,亦不能迴避本土語言(複數)的公共地位問題。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>四,結語</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不論台灣國族意識的形成,是始自日治時期還是中華民國的殖民屠殺,因為地緣因素而逐漸普及的本土意識與共同體想像,都讓台灣社會已經發展為具有某種程度自我認知的「自在國族」(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nation en soi / nation-in-itself</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是自在國族只是一種類似靜物存在的狀態,即使有自我認知,也不會產生政治上的覺醒與行動,例如尋求國族獨立或提升國族權利。必須透過國族主義運動的催化,包括體認到國族地位的處境(以國族為主體的階級意識),以及國族文化的打造,才能轉變為爭取我群權益並有意識自我建構的「自為國族」(</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">nation pour soi / nation-for-itself</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就像可能有「天然台」,而不可能有「天然獨」。天然台是一種未經政治決斷的台灣認同,這確實會發生於本土意識日益普及,已經形成政治共同體的台灣。但若追求以國族自決原則而獨立建國,就只能是清楚政治意識下的判斷。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨的本質就是爭取台灣國族的獨立自主,就案例與邏輯而言,「獨立建國」與「揚棄國族關懷」不可能並立。國族打造是台獨運動中最不可迴避的課題,也是最真實的課題。台灣是否能夠作為一個國家?如何可能作為一個國家?我們正處於從自在國族轉變為自為國族的歷史時刻。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-18173474417635979132016-04-29T05:08:00.000-07:002016-04-29T20:24:01.922-07:00某國小的拉肩帶事件及延伸(二)(by 老皮蛋)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">你猜猜看:它們除了講祖靈傳說,會不會也講一些垃圾話?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">賽德克巴萊<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫的臉書頁面,本來是個「大家可以一起練痚話(<span lang="EN-US">li</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">n si</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;">á</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">u </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">ū</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">e</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)、不必管政治正確,不要當真、出去不要再提就好了」的部落(註二),外來者乍見難免駭異;但政治正確的標準一旦侵入,駭異失措的就是習慣於傳統風俗的土著了。土著驚慌失措,卻以更退化的痚話應對,於是這就成為「果然是厭女仇女」的鐵證,「撤廢頭目、教化或殲滅部落」也就有了正當性。但是,沒人關心這些部落民平常在做甚麼、是否曾在辦公室推動性別平權…,他們都已經是「罪證確鑿的沙豬」了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 有個爆笑的對比:如果是<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫的朋友,「曾陪太太掃墓五次」並不能證明「沒有性別歧視」,還是會被判為「毫無反省的沙豬」;但如果是<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫的批評者,「曾住在中南部」就能證明「沒有歧視南部人」,而擁有這種邏輯的人還會被稱為「長於論述的戰神」(註三)。類似的,<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫的朋友說「我不是針對女性」,抗辯無效;<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫的批評者說「我罵你跟你是南部人無關」,義正詞嚴滿堂彩。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 就在這風波中,不慣用文藝腔也懶於論戰的<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫、以及某些他的朋友,其道德形象和話語權都受到折損,即使他們平日都常為性別平權發聲;而另外一些評論者,道德形象和話語權都獲得提升,無論他們平常是否關心性平議題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">從殖民者的眼光看:出草、把人頭放在家裡,都是不文明的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 談到話語權折損,不禁聯想到<span lang="EN-US">Gayatri C. Spivak</span>的“<span lang="EN-US">Can the Subaltern Speak?</span>”。林雅強和他朋友是不是<span lang="EN-US">subaltern</span>(從屬者)或有疑義,但他們的確有相對匱乏的文化資本(或是懶得運用)、使用相對弱勢且不被尊重的語言(風格或腔調);在此事件中,他們的聲音也確實被忽視或扭曲、乃至有人放棄發聲(還被「好」學生嘲笑「連這點壓力都挺不住」),今天才會由筆者扮演<span lang="EN-US"> informant</span>(<span lang="EN-US">native</span>?)代為發聲。而比林雅強等人更為弱勢的<span lang="EN-US">subaltern</span>、可能連上網時間設備都沒有的底層女性,她們最痛恨的,是未經同意的身體碰觸(可能來自調皮的男性「壞學生」)、還是帶著嫌惡的人際排斥(通常來自男女「好學生」)、或是經濟剝削以及文化賤斥…,則尚未進入討論的議程。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">只有二十分鐘,很精彩。就看完它吧!看完記得用新台幣買「愛琳娜」的正版<span lang="EN-US">DVD</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">嘜相害、愛琳娜<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 「女人都被動的渴望性愛→當女人說不要就是要→男人可以隨意拉女人的肩帶」當然是典型的偏見與歧視。但是,「男人都好色、猥瑣低俗講台語(?)的男人/計程車司機更不會尊重女性→他講到肩帶一定是性騷擾、他否認不道歉代表他不知悔改→支持性平就應該大力批判他」又何嘗不是呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 如果我們認為:討論司法主權問題時,不應無視性別平權問題。那麼,在討論性別不平等和相關壓迫的同時,我們可以無視語言地位/文化資本的不平等和相關壓迫嗎?在反對性別歧視的同時,我們可以踐行語言文化的歧視嗎?甚至,我們可以只准自己寫傷感風懷舊小說、卻不准別人寫搞笑風懷舊小品嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註二:或許更像部落裡的男性會所;女性的閨密談話常也是如此。筆者接觸的校園性騷擾加害人,都不是平常會跟同學談論相關話題、或講話很像沙豬的學生,卻常在理智上懂得要尊重女性身體自主權。筆者也接觸到許多男性(學生或非學生),常在小圈圈內講話像沙豬、但也自知不對,離開小圈圈就不會再講、也不會對女性動手動腳~除非有付錢。但這些只是筆者觀察的結果,無相關研究支持。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註三:如果對台灣習俗(習俗當然可檢討)稍有了解,就會知道「陪太太掃墓」需要多大的勇氣,要承受多大的壓力與責難。至於「曾住在南部」是否就不會歧視南部人;想想各帝國的殖民地官員就可以理解了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">延伸閱讀:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 中台國小拉肩帶事件(輔導級),篇末尚有其他閱讀材料</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/chin-jung-gong/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%82%A9%E5%B8%B6%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6/1326701650679820"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">後記及說明:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 本文已發表在「關鍵評論網」(<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.thenewslens.com/post/317447/"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>),因筆者手癢,想貼幾部影片,所以再貼一次,並補上(因臉書發表過而)被編輯刪掉的第一段。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 本文在上星期寫成,這星期看到林雅強的新影像作品;就補上「光劍<span lang="EN-US">\</span>陽物」一句。昨天又看到他和徐巧芯要合開新節目,就覺得「公開示愛被當成性騷擾」「喪失話語權」都變成笑話了。而且,如果有人罵<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫是為了出名,現在應該很後悔吧!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">最後看個輕鬆好笑的影片<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://vlog.xuite.net/play/eHh4c0JKLTE2NjAzNDYxLmZsdg==?t=0&vol=50"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-4041650430384319722016-04-29T04:40:00.000-07:002016-04-29T06:36:18.825-07:00某國小的拉肩帶事件及延伸(一)(by 老皮蛋)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 最近的拉肩帶貼文風波引發許多討論,讓筆者想起小學時的一些舊事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">童年往事<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 筆者念小學的時候(或有記錯、但大致為真),能講標準「國語」是很重要的。「國語」標準的家庭常是收入穩定、有教育津貼等福利,也比較有金錢時間投注在小孩教育上;小孩下課不必去夜市洗碗、成績常會比較好。很多「好」學生不了解這件事,就說其他學生自己不爭氣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 「國語」不是我的母語,所以我講「國語」都很用力捲舌。我不必在家裡或夜市洗碗,成績很好;我也瞧不起成績差、「國語」講不好的學生:他們男的愛搗蛋、女的長頭蝨,常互相欺負打鬧,也常被老師體罰。每次老師體罰「壞」學生,我都會覺得他們活該。那些「壞」學生常被彼此欺負,但都不會向老師告狀,通常是「好」學生告狀、大都是告說男生欺負女生,我可能也曾自以為正義地代位告狀過。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 有一天,因為欺負女生(不確定有無拉肩帶、但肯定有拉頭髮),某男生被處罰,老師狠命地打,把椅子腳都打斷了、還要再拆一根椅腳。我看到該男生忍著不讓淚水流下來,但被欺負的女生淚流滿面、搖著頭哭說不要打了,我也哭了,很多同學都哭了,沒哭的同學也苦著一張臉,但就有幾個「好」學生還笑得很得意…那是我第一次懷疑:甚麼是「好」學生、「壞」學生?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 開始會寫幾個字以後,我發現:「會寫國語」跟「會說國語」一樣重要。如果筆下流出台語、客語詞句,會被老師嘲笑,作文比賽就不會得到名次,更別說文學獎或投稿成功。長更大一點,我發現:如果你說寫的「國語」比別人更「國語」(用詞文風更講究文雅或更官方更學院),別人就會認為你很有學問、會相信你講的話很對、甚至認為你道德高尚…。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 甚至,明明同樣講童年蠢事,用某種腔調講就是無知、性騷擾,用某種腔調講就是懷舊文學或社會批判。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">恐怖分子<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> A</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">濫(林雅強)的貼文,筆者怎麼看都覺得就像「那些年我們一起追的女孩」中、騷擾女同學的動作,可能特別想對誰做卻又不敢。這些以前打屁講過的蠢話,現在已經知道有違性別平權,但憶及往事就隨手寫了。雖然,如果是筆者來寫,會多寫上百個字、還很文藝腔,讓多數讀者感受到距離的美感。但總不是說:你不會寫文藝腔(社運腔/心理分析腔),你就連懷舊或公開示愛都不行。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 又或許如筆者好友所言:「<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫是一個很擅長拿『我好猥瑣低俗』來搞笑的藝術家。…不會成為模仿對象,他的長期讀者都早就理解『他好猥瑣低俗』。」也就是說:<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫並非無能用文藝腔懷舊,而是有意識地演出黑色喜劇,呈現「在這荒謬的社會情境,可能會發生極端或愚蠢的行為。」像「福爾摩沙聖戰組織」就是一例,而不必言明、大家都知道「這些事是不對的、小孩子不要學」。如果他有更多的時間和資金,我們可能會看到如昆汀·塔倫提諾(<span lang="EN-US">Quentin J. Tarantino</span>)的電影:因為多次撞擊戴鋼盔豬頭不成功、還被嘲笑,直頭腦憤怒鳥就去弄豬頭的肩帶;獨派宅男看到藍營美女新秀,立刻改變政治立場;光劍/陽物成為目光焦點…。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 以筆者的臨床經驗而言:被拉肩帶可能會讓女生心靈受創,但傷害更大的可能是受害者的求助挫折(筆者將再為文討論)。如果真有女性曾被拉肩帶傷害未癒、現在看到該貼文又受傷,責任最大的應該是當年的師長、其次可能是當年的騷擾者,A濫恐怕連第三都排不上。如果說<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫的貼文會喚起不堪記憶、造成二度傷害,那有性侵情節的小說電影呢?!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 至於會不會造成模仿,讓讀者以為拉肩帶無傷大雅,讓社會更不尊重女性,筆者認為是多慮了。畢竟滿十三歲才能上臉書,學校家庭政府媒體也都該有人做性平教育,該貼文不會有太大影響,真會性騷擾的也不是只因為這貼文(註一)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 如果真擔心該貼文有負面影響,也可以好好討論騷擾行為的成因和後果、學校該如何處理及預防,而不是輕率地把別人的搞笑或懷舊當無知、認定對方就是毫無反省的性騷擾慣犯。這些評論者不詢問當事人的動機與想像、也不聽他的澄清說明、更沒有神入的理解(<span lang="EN-US">empathic understanding</span>),就以自己的猜測代替他者的發聲,這其實是認識論的暴力(<span lang="EN-US">epistemic violence</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫的貼文如果有二度傷害或鼓勵犯罪的問題,<span lang="EN-US">Q. J. Tarantino</span>的電影只會更嚴重;但因為<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫用的不是英語、而是台腔華語,所以<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫就被定罪為「不是笨蛋就是渾蛋」了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">這比<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫更邪惡恐怖吧!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註一:筆者曾接觸多位嚴重性騷擾或性侵害的加害人,他們常有廣泛的人格缺陷、或有精神疾病、常成長於失功能家庭(反向推論不成立),其人際關係障礙不只表現在與受害者(該性別)相處上;許多統計研究也支持這一點。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">後記及說明:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 本文已發表在「關鍵評論網」(<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.thenewslens.com/post/317447/"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>),因筆者手癢,想貼幾部影片,所以再貼一次,並補上(因臉書發表過而)被編輯刪掉的第一段。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 本文在上星期寫成,這星期看到林雅強的新影像作品;就補上「光劍<span lang="EN-US">\</span>陽物」一句。昨天又看到他和徐巧芯要合開新節目,就覺得「公開示愛被當成性騷擾」「喪失話語權」都變成笑話了。而且,如果有人罵<span lang="EN-US">A</span>濫是為了出名,現在應該很後悔吧!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span>超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-86073732264898147042016-04-26T12:09:00.000-07:002019-11-24T01:07:59.982-08:00偏見與歧視——從「台獨跟性別平權衝突嗎?」的設問談起(by 格瓦推)<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文於2016年2016/04/26首刊於《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/57644028.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>一、提問的邏輯</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">任何問題的提出,都有其預設基礎,其邏輯可能依據知識、經驗、迷思、偏見</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例如:「勞工權益與經濟發展衝突嗎?」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提問的預設邏輯可以理解為:「提高勞工權益</span><span lang="FR">→</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提高生產成本</span><span lang="FR">→</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">降低企業獲利</span><span lang="FR">→</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不利經濟發展。」我們雖然可以給出否定的答案,但應該更深入地批判此問題的預設基礎是「將經濟發展定義為</span><span lang="FR">GDP</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">數字增長」的迷思。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">儘管提問者不需要像寫論文,用一定的篇幅架構問題意識;但不代表我們不需要對提問者的問題進行問題意識分析:「這個提問的預設邏輯是什麼?」甚至,有時候這個分析比回答問題更重要,因為問題的形式可能已經決定了某些視角與價值,而這些地方才是真正的戰場。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例如:「女性適齡未婚與性格孤僻有關嗎?」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">面對這種歧視性的提問,如果只是回答「沒有關係」,還不足以否定問題本身。我們必須批判此問題的預設:對獨身者,尤其是對女性獨身者的歧視。不只因為此問題暗示了獨身女性與性格孤僻可能有因果關係,不論是獨身導致孤僻或孤僻導致獨身,更深層的歧視是:這問題暗示了女性適齡未婚本身就是一種錯誤。(當然,「性格孤僻」也不應被污名)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上對問題意識的分析是否過於敏感?很多歧視就因為「不敏感」的無知而發生。話語是否涉及歧視,必須就個案脈絡分析:文本、社會因素、歷史經驗,甚至言說者是誰,都可能是分析的憑藉。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>二、問題的分析</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span lang="FR">OO</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跟</span><span lang="FR">XX</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">衝突嗎?」不論是作者還是讀者,都必須思考</span><span lang="FR">OO</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="FR">XX</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的關係,才可能理解這個問句,其意義才存在。而在此問句中,「衝突」也提示了思考的方向。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「台獨跟性別平權衝突嗎?」提問的邏輯暗示了台獨與性別平權可能衝突的想像或疑慮。如果站在性別議題的本位,這個問句可理解為:「台獨是否不利於性別平權?」在批判這種將台獨污名化的設問之前,我們先釐清台獨與性別平權的基本定義。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨主張的是民族自決、獨立建國,性別平權爭取的是與性別相關的反歧視。「台獨跟性別平權是否衝突?」就是在問:「爭取民族自決與爭取性別平等是否衝突?」如果以更多具體的內容代入,問句可以有:「終結</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制與性別平權衝突嗎?」「台灣認同與性別平權衝突嗎?」「正名制憲與性別平權衝突嗎?」「建立新共和與性別平權衝突嗎?」「以台灣之名爭取國際承認與性別平權衝突嗎?」</span><span lang="FR">...... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就概念本身而言,台獨與性別平權在邏輯上並無衝突,甚至解殖式台獨更是以「平權」為核心,所以詢問二者是否衝突確實令人費解。但是問題的提出既然有其預設,我們依然可以分析:是什麼因素造成「台獨</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別平權</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">衝突」三者的聯繫?或許該提問著眼之處不在「何謂台獨」,而在台獨份子的行為。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若台獨份子做了對性別不友善的行為,是否意味台獨具有對性別不友善的本質?或許可以反向詰問:若一位性別平權論者主張台灣併入</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我們是否能推論性別平權運動與台獨衝突?可就兩點分析:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第一,事情還是要回歸到「何謂台獨」與「何謂性別平權」的本質,看看兩造的基本主張或理論(具一定程度的說服力),有無互斥甚至壓迫對方之處。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第二,某位台獨份子有性別歧視的言行,若要以「台獨份子」標誌他的性別歧視,必須論證其性別行為是否有台獨理論可供支持?哪一種台獨理論是訴諸性別歧視的?如果我們能警覺:批評羅瑩雪瀆職,不能用「這個瀆職的『女人』」來批評他;為何批評一位性別盲時,可以用台獨份子來標記?即使他的性別態度因政治立場而差異。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看到一個人犯錯,</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">想到或暗示「黑人就是這樣」,這是膚色歧視;</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">想到或暗示「台獨份子就是這樣」,這當然是歧視台獨。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在指責個別台獨份子的言行有違性別平等原則時,各位致力於反性別歧視的進步份子,是否也應警覺:有無踐踏了反歧視原則?有無將台獨的形象刻板化?有無以偏概全?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>三、偏見與歧視</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以台獨份子的個人行為(性別歧視)填充「何謂台獨」(獨立建國),就算沒有惡意,純粹是邏輯的誤謬或言說的不精確,但是「台獨跟性別平權衝突嗎?」暗示了台獨與性別歧視的聯繫,歧視意涵已經成立(性別平權的概念作為一種進步價值或正確價值)。</span></div>
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如果不夠重視台獨,或對台獨缺乏同情,而不了解歧視在何處,我們將問句代換為:「非裔平權運動跟性別平權衝突嗎?」是否讀出了種族歧視的味道?即使修改問句,只要是明示或暗示「台獨」與「性別歧視」關係密切者,都是對台獨的污名化。</div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨的被歧視與本土的被歧視,重疊之處極多。若對台獨有足夠的關懷,並稍微了解台獨運動的理論史、實踐史、被污名化史,以及部分綠營人士如何參與這個污名化史,則會對台獨的被歧視處境較有敏感度。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨在泛綠陣營的被污名化並非始於今日。徵如《台灣獨立運動的新世代綱領》,將推動「建立新國家、制訂新憲法」的傳統台獨判決為:囿於過去(其實是重視歷史)、徒具悲情(其實是堅持正義)、族群沙文(其實是反抗殖民)。甚至暗示傳統獨派充滿威權心態、獨斷性格、族群偏見、性別歧視。(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨在過去被污名化與路線或意識形態有關。總的來說,是「不以台獨為主訴的台獨」歧視「以獨立建國為主訴的台獨」。今日狀況大致亦然,將制憲建國與進步價值對立,例如姚人多的偏見:「年輕人重新定義『台獨』</span><span lang="FR">...</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這條路線由新的人發起,用一套新的表達方法,甚至連語氣都跟以往的老台獨有所區別</span><span lang="FR">...</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它不再是空洞的『建國』口號,它也不再跟你在法理層次上爭論什麼中華民國與台灣。</span><span lang="FR">...</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這一批年輕人的台獨裡面有『社會』、有『正義』,它硬是比老台獨多了一些冷靜。」(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或如陳為廷將「治理(涉及主權、民主、階級)」與「制憲建國」脫鉤,並呈現出「進步」與「不進步」的對立。(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">透過媒體、教育與社運,從野百合世代到太陽花世代,對台獨(制憲建國)的歧視也進行了世代承傳。性別歧視、福佬沙文、法西斯、種族主義、原教旨主義</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這些偏見與誤解都常見於網路社群,發自一群自稱獨派但又常以外人之姿指責「你們獨派」的年輕人,甚至其中一些人也主張制憲建國。他們不少人受過當代學術訓練,或至少對當代人文知識不陌生;但諷刺的是,這正可能是病灶所在,如果受教的對象是一些對台獨充滿偏見的學者。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴隨著諸如「台獨被沙文狗壟斷」、「解殖建國是種族主義」等偏見的,有時是「我來讓台獨進步」的傲慢。這是一種捨我其誰的積極善意?還是踐踏台獨以墊高自己?不揣測個人心態,但至少能確定,這種人對台獨的理論史非常無知。廖文奎、王育德、黃昭堂、史明</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都淹沒在無知、偏見與傲慢中,成為「進步價值」的對照組?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">附帶一提,偏見除了來自無知,亦有可能來自難以求證的意識形態:某些仇獨份子最無法接受的,是建國所必須的台灣國族認同(其中有些人敵視台灣國族主義,不是對國族主義一體揚棄,而是個人無法超克的「中國化」認同)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>四、這樣的台獨我不要?</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一種伴隨著對台獨的偏見的產物,是令人詫異的「這樣的台獨我不要」!</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨的種類差異,只在法理問題的析辨,大體而言,都是追求一個主權完整且不被壓迫的台灣共同體。以廣義來說,台獨的種類可大分為二:台獨(制憲建國)與獨台(修憲,華獨屬於此類)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,只要是想追求民族自決,將台灣建立成一個擁有獨立主權,並受到國際廣泛承認的主權國家,就是想要台獨。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨不會分類為「性別歧視的台獨」與「性別平等的台獨」。喊出「這樣的台獨我不要」者,若不是反對台獨,就是將「我們要一個獨立國家」與「新國家的內容是什麼」混淆了。雖然兩者在建國運動中往往交織,但前者關懷的是民族自決的落實與主權獨立,後者則是國家的治理問題。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被殖民地獨立建國是國族認同運動,不是道德重整運動。台獨的核心價值是民族自決,而不是「</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">好落後所以我不要」。</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進步也好,落後也好,它就是外來的、拒絕土著化的殖民政權,所以我們反對它。至於台灣新共和的內容是否讓人滿意,都不構成「不要台獨」的理由。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同情地理解喊出「你們建的國我一點都不想去住」者的憂慮:如果台獨份子都是一群男性沙文,台灣新共和豈不是「沙文共和國」?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種人的迷思在於:以為由誰推動台獨,就決定了台灣新共和的內容。但不論是台獨的制憲建國,或獨台的修憲,都必然是民主程序的產物。台獨的核心價值是帶有契約論精神的民族自決:「國家是永無休止的全民表決」。台灣新共和的內容,不是台獨份子說了算,而是在民主機制下產生。新共和是否仍然性別歧視、不尊重多元文化</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?這是全民的事。若認為台灣新共和的內容應由台獨運動者負責,未免神話了台獨份子,同時輕賤了所有公民?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>五、結語</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原運鬥士對原權議題敏感、性別運動者對性別議題敏感、社會主義者對階級議題敏感、台獨份子對國族議題敏感,我們無法苛求所有人對所有議題皆具有細緻的敏感度,雖然一人可以兼具多重角色,但仍難免因為無知或疏忽而犯了歧視的錯誤。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於犯錯的人,覺得該批評就批評,「相忍為</span><span lang="FR">XX</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」與否,是個人的自由判斷,不該給批評者壓力。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">各種政治運動者,他們都先是一個與他人充滿差異的人,一個兼具優缺點的人。我們拒絕將「台獨」與「性別歧視」進行本質性的連結,不代表否認「台獨份子也有性別歧視」,更非認為「台獨份子罵不得」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「台獨跟性別平權衝突嗎?」我可以回答這個問題:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)台獨與性別平權在本質上不衝突。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)即使台獨份子多性別盲,性別運動者多仇獨,台獨與性別平權依然不衝突。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「台獨與性別平權不衝突」</span><span lang="FR">≠</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「台灣獨立就能解決性別壓迫」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)這個問句歧視台獨。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文末,提一個不涉歧視的問句:「台獨有助於性別平權嗎?」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我的回答:「台灣新共和的誕生必然是民主程序的產物;台灣新共和的內容,將必然是土地認同與民主價值的緊密結合。從被殖民到新共和,台獨追求的是一個落實國民主權、權力分立、保障人權的憲法國家。」(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>【附註】</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)《台灣獨立運動的新世代綱領》,</span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://goo.gl/QM47Bf" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">〈這些人欠老台獨一份敬意與歉意〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">格瓦推),</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://goo.gl/5gEZnP" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)〈站在中國十字路口的民進黨〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">姚人多),</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://goo.gl/ku5CKy" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)〈這些人欠老台獨一份敬意與歉意</span><span lang="FR">2.0</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">格瓦推),</span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://goo.gl/PR6Qen" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)〈解殖與新共和〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">格瓦推),</span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://goo.gl/oOTnG8" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-70761167053403599462016-03-06T07:56:00.001-08:002016-03-06T08:05:45.799-08:00被歧視的不只達悟族、歧視更不是今天才開始(三)(by 老皮蛋)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">這不只是一個樂團,還是台灣各族群、老青少三代的合作;而且,魏導對每個角色都表現了同情的理解。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">好人也會歧視他者、弱者也會歧視自己<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 前文提到了許多影音作品和從業人員,難道他們都是壞人嗎?難道牽涉其中的台灣人都是台奸嗎?熱心助人的邱瓈寬也會有種族歧視嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 就像艾希曼(<span lang="EN-US">A. Eichmann</span>),奉公守法、愛家愛鄉,手上卻沾滿了猶太人的鮮血。漢娜鄂蘭(<span lang="EN-US">Hannah
Arendt</span>)認為:因為惰於思考、不參與政治討論、不質疑當權者、想升官而像機器般服從命令,一般人也會犯下恐怖的罪行。她稱之為「平庸的邪惡/邪惡的庸常性」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 我們只要替<span lang="EN-US">H. Arendt </span>略加補充「不反省己身意識形態與社會位置」「不質疑當權意識形態與政經結構」「想賺錢而服從(想像中的)市場品味」,就可以清楚的說明:為什麼會有這麼多人參與製造歧視?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 依據認知心理學,「好人也會接受歧視性的主流意識型態」並不令人驚訝;但是,弱者(台灣人/本土語言使用者)也會自我歧視、弱者也會歧視其他弱者,就需要略加說明。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Anna Freud</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">曾描述「認同加害者」的防衛機轉:受害者藉由認同而使得害怕的對象成為無害,也讓自己成為加害者。她並舉例:小女孩說「山洞沒甚麼好怕的,只要假裝自己是鬼就行了。」在面對嚴酷的危難時,成人也可能會使用類似的防衛機轉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Fanon</span>也在「黑皮膚、白面具」書中提到:因為在地文化的原初性(或者原來的在地文化)被埋葬,受殖者產生了自卑心理,又被迫學習尊崇「開化者」的語言、殖民母國的文化。他必須拒絕他的黑(台),才會變得更加的白(華),從而取得社會上的競爭優勢。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 曾經(現在稍有改善),在台灣,所有的文化被說成來自中國(沒有原初性),在地的語言文化被壓迫、被否認;許多的台灣人(包括筆者)產生了自卑心理,被迫學習「國語」,也歧視自己、歧視被汙名化的母語。漫畫家林莉菁的作品「縫上新舌頭」對此有精彩的描繪</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">(註五)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在這個過程中,受殖者內化了「華是好的、台是不好的」的想法;努力讓自己更華、但無法完全否認自己身上的本土(所謂「自體缺陷」)。於是受殖者採取了「分裂、投射性認同」(<span lang="EN-US">splitting & projective identification, by Melanie Klein</span>)這樣的防衛機轉,把自體/世界分裂成「好的華、壞的本土」兩部分,並把不願接受的「壞」投射至他者身上,於是有些台灣人會歧視其他台灣人、自稱獨派的也會歧視其他獨派,白浪會歧視原住民、台語族群和客語族群也會互相歧視,例如吳宗憲就毫不掩飾他對原住民的歧視。而受殖者的互相歧視,如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">Aim</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">é<span lang="EN-US"> C</span>é<span lang="EN-US">saire</span>所言,</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也正符合殖民統治者的利益。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 歧視台語族群也有現實因素,許多人(包括筆者)能流利地說寫華語,並以藉此獲得某些優勢,但卻無法流利說寫任何一種本土語言。一旦華語霸權不再,這些人也會失去一部份競爭優勢,於是他們汙名化「語言平權」的主張,稱其為法西斯種族主義者;這種抹黑恰好洩漏了本身的歧視心態,也是「分裂、投射性認同」的表現。他們也可能說出「文學成就不如外省人,是台灣人自己不爭氣」的歧視語言,無視各種不公平的結構因素;這些因素包括:本土語言文學獎/發表空間不足,台灣人較不容易取得(收入穩定、有子女教育補助的)軍公教身分,從而子女常需提早就業、或只能就讀工程或醫學。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 正如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">H. Arendt</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">所言,這些歧視者不見得是壞人、只是惰於思考,或是像邱瓈寬「考慮不周、但無意冒犯原住民」。但是,二十歲的人考慮不周可以原諒,四五十歲還惰於思考,就應該被批判了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">「逗陣ㄟ」仿效「海角七號」,試圖宣揚「各族群團結合作向前行」,但片中卻滿是對本土族群的醜化。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">反歧視與台灣電影的未來<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 「大尾鱸鰻<span lang="EN-US">2</span>」激起了一波波反歧視行動,這對台灣電影可能有正面影響嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 筆者認為:如果反歧視不只針對單部電影的內容、而是針對整個藝文圈的歧視現象,不只反對歧視原住民、也反對性別歧視等種種歧視;尤其,如果能徹底檢討「歧視台灣/本土」的現象,政府制訂適當的文化保護政策(保障台灣電影的播映機會)、資本家願意投入更多資金(不因為電影本土就吝嗇)、創作者能夠更認真創作(不因為叫作本土就打混)、媒體能停止汙名化「本土」(給本土好電影更多關心、而不是只報導濫電影的糗事)、觀眾不再盲目崇拜好萊塢…。那麼,台灣電影是大有可為的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 許多人說:因為市場和資金的限制,台灣電影難有成就;其實台灣市場其實不小,有許多人口比台灣少的國家(荷蘭、希臘、捷克…)都有精采的電影藝術、蓬勃的電影產業。而且,拍電影固然需要資金,尤其要搞特效大場面都要花更多錢。但是,更認真的編劇導演所費不多(當然智慧也要有足夠的酬金),卻可以生產叫好又叫座的電影。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 例如「海角七號」和「愛琳娜」(註六),在編導細膩的設計下,每個笑點都是深沉的抗議(到處都<span lang="EN-US">BOT</span>、載著模特兒的車害老人跌進稻田、女工的處境…)、每個場面調度都是銳利的批判(阿嘉高高在上從窗縫看茂伯、天龍阿嘉和在地水蛙的對峙、愛琳娜出現在被拆毀的廢墟…);雖然觀眾不見得都看懂這些,但絕對感受的到作者的誠意。或者,像「女朋友男朋友」「那些年我們一起追的女孩」、「不能沒有你」,只要貼近這片土地、誠懇地面對人們的故事、不迴避敏感議題,觀眾也都會賞光。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 或者簡單地說:只要台灣人(從政策制定者、電影生產者、乃至消費者)都愛台灣、停止自我歧視,認真做、認真看、不放棄,台灣電影就會有光明的未來。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註五:參見「縫上新舌頭的失語」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/content/89"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">;「鏡像裡的<span lang="EN-US">Formosa</span>:林莉菁的圖像小說與台灣漫畫的發展」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://underhill2009.blogspot.tw/2014/01/formosa.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註六:請參考拙作「海角七號測驗題」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2010/08/ggyby.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)、「愛琳娜」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://talk.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/887735"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">),以及藍祖蔚「愛琳娜:硬氣豪氣帥氣」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://4bluestones.biz/mtblog/2015/06/post-3022.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)。關於台語電影的前世今生,請參見<span lang="EN-US">Ko
Ts</span>ì<span lang="EN-US">-jîn</span>的系列文章(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/author/2451"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)。<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-81342462027981689572016-03-06T05:32:00.000-08:002016-03-06T08:05:45.804-08:00被歧視的不只達悟族、歧視更不是今天才開始(二)(by 老皮蛋)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">Chris Rock </span><span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">在奧斯卡頒獎典禮上放言批評「白色奧斯卡」(多項獎項只有白人獲得提名),卻緊接著發生(疑似)「歧視華裔」的言行。比起「白色奧斯卡」,「華語金馬獎」則是不需掩飾的開辦宗旨。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">從奧斯卡到台灣的系統性歧視<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 像是呼應「大尾鱸鰻<span lang="EN-US">2</span>」在台灣引發的歧視話題這星期,奧斯卡頒獎典禮也被批評為「歧視亞裔」。多數評論都是針對某個橋段的內容,但更嚴重的、更全面的系統性歧視卻被忽略了,如<span lang="EN-US">Chris Rock </span>提到的白色奧斯卡、早年馬龍白蘭度抗議的「歧視美洲原住民」、以及發生在台灣的「歧視本土」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11pt;">1973</span><span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11pt;">年,馬龍白蘭度因「教父」一片獲得奧斯卡金像獎;但他拒絕上台領獎,而是請一位美洲原住民上台發表演說、抗議好萊塢電影對美洲原住民形象的扭曲。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 「大尾鱸鰻<span lang="EN-US">2</span>」中,華語族群以天神般的姿態出現,但因時間極短,很有可能被觀眾忽略。相對的,「逗陣ㄟ」(<span lang="EN-US">2013</span>)中台語、華語則比例相當,但是:生在台灣的劉金穗月性格暴躁、思慮不周,來自中國的劉杭生則溫柔敦厚、對金錢不計較也不對家人發脾氣;另一個講台語的雜貨店老闆卻貪小便宜,更在劉杭生要賣車時上下其手…。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 諷刺的是:導演自稱「不玩語言的差異、而著重用語言來談融合這件事」,卻在電影中醜化台灣人形象。不禁想起:中國國民黨常宣揚族群融合,但只會是台灣人被融合、變成中國人,不會是中國人認同台灣、變成台灣人;國民黨屢屢指責對手撕裂族群,本身卻製造族群間的不公平待遇,多次任命完全沒有台灣人成員的內閣,更別說更早之前的種族屠殺、語言文化壓迫,乃至現在仍然拒絕轉型正義、拒絕落實語言平權。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 兩集「大尾鱸鰻」都有練武功的情節,讓筆者聯想到「飛俠阿達」(<span lang="EN-US">1994</span>),這部電影以練武為主線劇情,不但講華語、甚至還都是外省腔的華語,故事中的武林高手都來自中國、甚至因派赴中國的任務死亡(落葉歸根?),其中一位曾潛入總統辦公室(取代蔣家政權者也必須來自中國?)…。這些來自中國的高手,或者是逝去的傳奇英雄、或者是教授絕學的師傅,但無不品貌俊雅、氣節高尚;唯一的台灣人高手羅曼菲則貪戀凡塵,並因此失去武功。回頭看「大尾鱸鰻」,操台語的武術老師豬肉西卻是愚蠢瘋狂。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 兩部電影中武術的形象差異,固然與「社會氣氛開放、更能接受各種形象」有關;但也與當權文化如何看待「華語/中國人<span lang="EN-US">vs.</span>台語/台灣人」有關。就像近二十年的電視廣告(例如「蠻牛」系列廣告):常出現形象猥瑣的主角、用台語抱怨生活種種、或是用台語斥罵家人,但廣告結尾卻是「(乍看之下)超越俗民生活」的華語旁白、以救世主的姿態提供解決方案。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 又如偉忠幫的綜藝節目(如「全民大悶鍋」、「康熙來了」)和眷村題材連續劇(如「寶島一村」),它們經常性的醜化台灣(南部)人/台語使用者;而南島語族也未能倖免,在某次歌唱比賽中,王偉忠就曾要求原住民參賽者「學一下台灣黑熊怎麼吼叫」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 電影電視如此,錄音作品也不例外。「歡樂三國志」(<span lang="EN-US">2000~2001</span>)有兩位說書人:蔡康永是電影碩士、侯文詠是醫學博士;大部分的橋段,都是由侯文詠以台腔華語插科打諢、像青少年一般搞笑,蔡康永則口吐「標準」(誰的標準?)華語、貌似成熟睿智的、以「包容」(誰包容誰?上包容下?)的語氣回應;此外,侯蔡兩人們也都像羅貫中/諸葛亮一樣,以上對下的獵奇態度看待雲貴高原原住民。而在「又一夜、我們說相聲」中,(湖北籍)台灣腔的卜學亮也扮演了類似侯文詠的角色。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 「大尾鱸鰻<span lang="EN-US">2</span>」中有虛構的「台語族群罵原住民瘋子」,但觀眾都知道那只是電影情節。更惡劣的是:曾有立報記者虛構出「台灣人(特意註明使用台語)有種族歧視、拒絕賣便當給菲律賓人」的情節,還廣被轉載;即使後來被揭發偽作,對台語族群的傷害也已造成(註三)。又如更早的白先勇「台北人」(公視「一把青」的出處),書中滿是對台灣的歧視與醜化,卻被主控藝文界的華語族群吹捧為經典(註四)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 這樣醜化本土族群(包括白浪和原住民)的作品,其實還有很多,就不一一點名了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 這樣的歧視現象有其政治背景(推行「國語」、電影審查…)、資源分配因素(日產變黨產的中影公司、稅金支付的華語金馬獎、透過軍方挹注的公費補貼…)、社會階級背景(講華語的軍公教<span lang="EN-US">vs.</span>講台語的農民工人、階級關係再生產…)、華語壟斷工作機會發表管道和品味詮釋權、甚至台語電影從業人員被迫害死亡…;這些因素又彼此互相加強,讓華語霸權得以維持。媒體更進一步,選擇性地、只對粗濫作品或沙豬豬哥亮貼「本土」標籤,讓「本土」成為汙名。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 上述現象與背景因素都值得好好探究;限於篇幅,筆者將另以專文討論。下文將談到歧視的社會心理、反歧視和台灣電影的未來。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註三:請見舊作「假便當文中的真歧視/種族歧視者總是作賊喊捉賊」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://talk.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/682097"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註四:請見</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/junggong.chin/posts/1359134474112262?pnref=story"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">~未完,請見<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2016/03/by.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>。~</span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-29384807254002889232016-03-05T01:26:00.002-08:002016-03-06T05:40:41.230-08:00被歧視的不只達悟族、歧視更不是今天才開始(一)(by 老皮蛋)<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">「大尾鱸鰻<span lang="EN-US">2</span>」中,達悟族出現的場景被認為是種族歧視,引發批判。對此,有圈內人提出導演邱瓈寬過去的善行義舉、為其辯護;邱導本人則出面道歉,但或許是因為她自覺委屈<span lang="EN-US">(</span>又不是故意的<span lang="EN-US">?) </span>,道歉聲明有些不乾脆,又引發新一波的批判。在「歧視達悟族」被討論的同時,也有專家好友對「<span lang="EN-US">ROC</span>視網膜的『台灣電影』」現象作出精彩評論<span lang="EN-US">(</span>註一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,本文將援引先前的台灣電影、對好友宏文略作補充,並述及「本土<span lang="EN-US">(?)</span>電影/戲劇」的其他問題、以及「好人為何也會歧視弱者」、「反歧視與台灣電影的未來」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">「大尾鱸鰻」是否有歧視性內容<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 電影中引發「歧視達悟族」爭議的片段是:朱大尾躲進達悟人抗議核廢料的隊伍中,小奇大追進隊伍找人,問族人「你有看到跟你一樣馬桶蓋髮型的人嗎?」族人的回答小奇大聽不懂、就碎罵:「瘋子」。之後小奇大找到並欲毆打朱大尾,達悟人以為朱大尾是族人、於是反擊;朱大尾趁亂逃出,並看著自己的手指嫌臭。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 筆者認為編導並非有意侮辱醜化達悟人:正如邱導所言「馬桶蓋是在講豬哥亮」,一般使用此詞的侮辱意涵也不嚴重;「瘋子」是小奇大的情緒用詞、而非編導的價值判斷;朱大尾說的好臭,指的是小奇大的肛門,與達悟族無關。沒有任何證據可以說明:編導真地在影射達悟人是好臭的瘋子。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 但是,邱導讓片中的達悟人講出非其族語的聲音<span lang="EN-US">(</span>哪一族的語言<span lang="EN-US">?)</span>,任意地使用達悟傳統服飾、輕率地述及反核廢料/還我土地運動…,把他人未被修復的痛苦經驗(語言文化被壓迫、土地被任意徵用或汙染…)當作笑話材料、被看的奇觀(<span lang="EN-US">spectacle</span>);這即使不是歧視、也是嚴重的冒犯。電影中對同性戀者的影射、對體罰事件的輕描淡寫、對急診重傷患形象的挪用,也都是對他人痛苦的嚴重冒犯。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 電影中其實有更明顯的歧視:把已婚婦女都描寫成醋罈子、把失婚婦女都描寫成性飢渴、認為性工作者不必下班沒有自尊、認為精神病患怪異也沒有人身自由、把精神醫療扭曲為踐踏人權的秘密警察…,但或許是因為這些被歧視者更不會為自己爭取尊嚴、或許是因為社會對此扭曲形象更習以為常,所以這部份反而少被提到。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 或許有人會反問:難道我們都不能開玩笑嗎?都不能提到他人的苦難嗎?不也有嘲諷喜劇或歷史悲劇被視為經典嗎?簡單的原則是:不應嘲弄弱者或受苦者,但可以嘲弄批判當權者;如果在作品中述及他人的苦難,則應該抱持同理尊重的態度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 16.0pt;">存在於內容之外的歧視<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 前段討論的歧視/冒犯都是比較明顯的、存在於言說內容(<span lang="EN-US">contents</span>)的部分,容易辨認、也因此不那麼會影響觀者;較隱晦的、存在於脈絡/敘述方式(<span lang="EN-US">contexts and/or process</span>)的歧視,因為不容易辨認,反而可能對觀者造成不被察覺、卻更嚴重的影響。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 在「大尾鱸鰻<span lang="EN-US">2</span>」中,講髒話的、性騷擾的、混黑道的、性侵女學生的、打小孩的、性飢渴的、發瘋練陰吊功的、粗暴侵害病患人權的、乃至對達悟人出言不遜的,全都是講台語的。相反的,衣冠楚楚走金馬獎紅毯的電影導演,全都是華語族群。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 在這部電影裡面,我們看不到用台語講歷史的教授(像「大稻埕」裡的朱正德)、或用客語治療病患的精神科醫師,我們看不到投身反核或原住民平權運動的台灣人、也看不到尊重女性和兒童人權的本土語言使用者。同樣的,我們也看不到有人用華語講髒話、或用華語辱罵原住民。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 所以,如果我們沒有警覺,看過幾部類似的電影,我們就會以為:台語很低級,難登大雅之堂,講台語的人也一樣;相對的,華語及其使用者都是比較高級、有教養的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 說到這裡,筆者要略作提醒:當年強迫原住民改漢姓的、搶奪達悟土地闢建牧場的,乃至以謊言欺騙族人、在蘭嶼興建核廢料儲存場的,都是華語族群佔多數的國民黨政府。相對的,當年主張拆吳鳳銅像的、最早(<span lang="EN-US">1980</span>~)開始反對核能發電的,卻多是認同台灣的本土陣營。而且髒話也不是台語的專利,空一格蔣公的「娘希皮」和海角七號阿嘉的「操你媽的」都是華語髒話的代表。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Aim</span>é<span lang="EN-US"> C</span>é<span lang="EN-US">saire</span>曾提到:殖民者常分化被殖民者、製造其內部矛盾,藉以癱瘓反殖民力量、遂行殖民統治。這正是台灣的情況,國民黨政權透過媒體或耳語宣傳,不斷強化福佬客家之間的矛盾、以及原住民對泛綠陣營的不信任;藉由這種「挑撥族群」的技倆,殖民者的特權被默認,統治者的殖民本質被遺忘,最嚴重的不義被忽視,於是被殖民者的團結成為(幾乎)不可能(註二)。國民黨這樣做了很多年,「大尾鱸鰻<span lang="EN-US">2</span>」也有意無意的做了同樣的事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 在告一段落之前,有必要為「大尾鱸鰻<span lang="EN-US">2</span>」說句公道話:在電影中,邱瓈寬導演也狠狠嘲笑了自己,所以她不是那種「我可以嘲笑辱罵你、你不可以嘲笑我」的人;她很可能真的認為「笑一下沒甚麼」、輕忽了玩笑可能造成的傷害。此外,我們還是可以從電影角色身上看到一些正面的質素、看到編導對人的關心同情,只是這些都太稀薄,於是被「對他者欠尊重」的自以為是幽默掩蓋了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註一:沙沙啞「『國片』的警訊在哪裡?」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/56363394.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)。因為「大尾驢鰻」使用台語為主,本文有時用「台語/台語族群」代稱「所有本土語言及族群」;為行文方便,不一一註明。<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註二:本段多句文字直接引自舊作「台皮膚、華面具」(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2011/06/by_2098.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">);<span lang="EN-US">Aim</span>é<span lang="EN-US"> C</span>é<span lang="EN-US">saire</span>的論點則出自“<span lang="EN-US">Discourse
on Colonism</span>”<span lang="EN-US">, 1955</span> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">~未完,請見<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2016/03/blog-post_6.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>。~</span></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-31773722918620179392016-03-01T06:55:00.000-08:002016-03-05T06:59:49.565-08:00228,Ubuntu,與誰共生?(by 格瓦推)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: #783f04;">影片:<span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">不是省籍衝突,不是官逼民反,而是中華民國對殖民地台灣的大屠殺。</span></span></div>
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本文於2016年3月1日首刊於《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/56921616.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)。<br />
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<span lang="FR">Ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(烏班圖)是班圖語,這個概念來自撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲,它帶有一種世界觀:人之存有,是由彼此相關相連、彼此分享、彼此參與而體現。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歐洲的人道(</span><span lang="FR">humanité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與博愛(</span><span lang="FR">fraternité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)概念勉強接近</span><span lang="FR">ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但</span><span lang="FR">ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">更具有「人之存有並非孤單地嵌於自身,而是與其他人互為主體、互依互存」的存有論意涵。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種「人是通過其他人而作為存有」的</span><span lang="FR">ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">精神,在南非共和國終結種族隔離而過渡到民主政體那段期間,啟發了曼德拉(</span><span lang="FR">Nelson
Mandela</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的民族和解政策,標誌在</span><span lang="FR">1993</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的《臨時憲法》與</span><span lang="FR">1995</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的《促進民族團結與和解法》。例如在《臨時憲法》之末有一段文字:「需要的是理解、賠償、</span><span lang="FR">ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而非為了報復」(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">精神因為曼德拉、圖圖(</span><span lang="FR">Desmond Tutu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)而廣為人知,華語若將之譯為「共生」,確實切合「互為主體、互依互存」之意。但是我們要知道,南非倡議的民族和解,不能脫離轉型正義的脈絡,如馬赫起南在〈文明或文化的抉擇,南非新認同的啟示〉所述:「</span><span lang="FR">1990</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曼德拉出獄並解嚴,</span><span lang="FR">1990-1993</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國民黨的</span><span lang="FR">de Klerk</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">逐步廢除種族隔離,</span><span lang="FR">1993</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曼德拉與</span><span lang="FR">de Klerk</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">共拿諾貝爾和平獎,次年國民黨丟掉長達半世紀的政權。曼德拉與</span><span lang="FR">ANC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一執政就換掉國旗、換掉國歌、換掉憲法,並於執政次年組織『真相與和解委員會』,進行轉型正義。」(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣在</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國殤日倡議「共生」,我們也必須梳理這塊土地的脈絡,這是追問「台灣的</span><span lang="FR">ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">精神如何可能」的前提。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">二、與誰共生?</span></b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「共生」不能是缺乏理解誠意的包容,</span><span lang="FR">ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的精神是與他者一體,且為他者開放。真正的理解,不是預設了自我與他者的主客二元關係,而是他者在我的存有中如其所是地展現,是自我與他者的互為主體與視域融合。簡而言之:以同理心面對他者,是共生的基礎。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">Ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是有重量的,與他者的互為主體,是開放自己讓他者的記憶浸潤、共構我之存有。在將「共生」輕快地指向「和解」之前(</span><span lang="FR">ex</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">受害者與加害者和解),請先止步。面對</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大屠殺的歷史,最基本的人道與博愛,難道不是與苦難的</span><span lang="FR">solidarité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嗎?難道不是以同理心擁抱受難者及其家屬的傷痛嗎?千萬別去脈絡地滑向「對加害者的處境有同理心」或「受害者與加害者的和解」啊!</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以共生精神面對</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,首先必然是對殤者及其親友的「同體大悲」(佛教用語,意指觀眾生與己身同體,而生起拔苦之悲心)。如果對苦難有「不忍人之心」,就會願意站在殤者的角度「悼念</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」:</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之慟,不只在於生命的逝去與親友的驚惶,還在於正義的遲遲未竟。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正義未竟?是的。有賠償,有紀念日、紀念館、紀念公園、紀念碑,各地亦有追悼活動,但是中華民國如何詮釋這場屠殺?犯下如斯罪行的國民黨為何還能參政?應負最大責任的蔣介石如何被歷史記憶?甚至,官方與民間都還有抵制「拒絕遺忘」的力量。不說別的,只要中正紀念堂依舊矗立,就標誌著台灣社會與</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的「共生」依舊遙遠。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以人飢己飢、人溺己溺的精神,陪伴苦難者同感恐懼、悲痛或憤怒,並因此看見轉型正義進度之不足,才是在</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">談共生的首要用意與價值。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖片出處:林莉菁《FORMOSE》</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">三、「和解」的脈絡,「原諒」的誤謬</span></b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的共生精神,除了以同理心面對受害者的苦難,是否也應涉及族群的和解?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對過去威權體制的反人性罪行而造成的社會分裂,必須以轉型正義(處置加害者、賠償受害者、保存歷史記憶)進行修復。但是和解不只是「真相、究責、賠償、和解」的順序問題,,可進一步分析不同的脈絡:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是中華民國與國民黨對殖民地台灣的暴行,對這種殖民體制就是要控訴、究責並終結,沒有和解。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)即使站在「台灣=中華民國」的立場,</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是國民黨行使的國家暴力,亦只有究責(國家與國民黨皆須被究責),毋須和解。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)不論是殖民屠殺或國家暴力,轉型正義要聲討的對象是體制、公權力與加害者,而非族群。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)因</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而產生的族群對立確實需要和解,但是裂痕的持續,除了因為轉型正義的不足,亦因</span><span lang="FR">ROC-KMT</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制綁架了部分戰後中國移民的認同,以「</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=省籍衝突」、「追究</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=清算外省人」的謊言挑唆族群的對立,將「外省族群」利用為逃避審判的工具。</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所造成的族群裂痕是真實現象,但族群之間並非加害者與被害者的關係,沒有族群該為血緣因素背負「</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兇手」的原罪;族群和解之道,關鍵除了在於轉型正義的進程,並對發生於這塊土地的苦難懷有同理心,亦在於所有族群在認知與行動上都拒絕被黨國體制及其謊言束縛。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至於「原諒」,</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反人性罪行,犯罪者是殖民體制、公權力、各種參與暴行的加害者(政黨與個人),台灣社會需要的是正義,無關原諒。這不是有沒有人可以代表受害者意願的問題,而是無人有資格原諒以公權力所犯下的屠殺大罪(即使他是受害者或其至親),政治共同體有義務守住民主價值的底線,拒絕集體沈淪為一個默許反人道的社會。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大屠殺的犯罪者,罪在其行,不在其族;所以應促進族群和解,但犯罪者不能被原諒。所謂的不原諒,並非訴諸仇恨,亦非同態報復,而是究責(司法與政治的究責),並將歷史的陰暗面攤在陽光下,讓權力的謊言無法繼續扭曲人性。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">四、歷史記憶與共同體的建構</span></b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歷史記憶的正義,不僅在歷史事件的紀錄與資料保存,更需要以奠基於人道精神的觀點進行評價。對</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的歷史記憶或許不同,不論將之視為中華民國對殖民地的屠殺,或視為國民黨行使的國家暴力,都有一條不應逾越的界線:對大屠殺或反人性罪進行否定存在、大事化小、讚揚、辯護。就如法國將「爭議反人性罪的存在與否」以《</span><span lang="FR">1881</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="FR">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="FR">29</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日法案》(</span><span lang="FR">Loi du 29 juillet 1881</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)第</span><span lang="FR">24</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條款之</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">予以入罪,亦如西班牙以「歷史記憶法」規範對佛朗哥獨裁政權的評價方式。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為歷史記憶畫一條紅線,是為了守護共同體的文明高度,也回應了我們對於「我們」這個共同體的期待。我們如何理解與評價</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這段重要的台灣歷史,影響著台灣共同體的形塑;猶如德國如何記憶納粹,關係著德國何以成為今日的德國。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">具有高度人文關懷的社會,是以人道精神保存歷史記憶的文明聯合體。就如法國人所說的「記憶義務」(</span><span lang="FR">devoir de mémoire</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),公權力的介入,與其說是約束了言論自由,不如說是確認了言論自由乃基本人權的性質</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">言論自由不得戕害人道基本價值。所以台灣的轉型正義,除了要拆除「象徵讚揚大屠殺」的蔣介石紀念標的,還必須以法律規範,拆除可能棲身於每個人口中、心中的蔣介石幽魂。以人道為界線的同理心,才是</span><span lang="FR">ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">精神的實踐。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歷史記憶的載體,除了會流動的人,還有青山依舊在的大地。我們不是懸在空中談不同記憶的族群之間的相互理解,歷史記憶是由土地與人所共構。(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR">228</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是斯土斯人難以磨滅的傷痛,台灣脈絡的</span><span lang="FR">ubuntu</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就是對這份苦痛的願意理解,與受難者共生,也與土地的傷痕共生。所謂台灣共同體,才有厚度,才有根。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">【附註】</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR">”There is a need for understanding but
not for vengeance, a need for reparation but not for retaliation, a need for ubuntu
but not for victimisation.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)馬赫起南〈文明或文化的抉擇,南非新認同的啟示〉(<a href="http://goo.gl/zGCI7g"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)格瓦推〈人的記憶與土地的記憶〉(<a href="https://goo.gl/dbA27J"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-79637767737231412652015-12-17T06:19:00.000-08:002015-12-17T06:19:18.274-08:00貝多芬的選擇(基進音樂廳)(by 老皮蛋)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 今天是貝多芬<span lang="EN-US">245</span>歲生日,當然要聽他的作品為他祝壽;除此之外,我們也不妨想想:如果他生在台灣,明年一月他的選擇會是……<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"> 點選以上的影音檔</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">,您聽到的是:貝多芬的音樂會序曲「艾格蒙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">Egmont</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">)」,這是貝多芬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">1810</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">年的作品。艾格蒙伯爵是十六世紀法蘭德斯的領主,當時荷蘭是在西班牙的統治下;他是獨立運動的領袖,致力拯救人民脫離西班牙的暴政。在革命行動中,艾格蒙不幸被捕並處死,愛人克拉芬搭救不成,傷心得服毒自盡。最後,在斷頭台上,艾格蒙看到了克拉芬來迎接他、共赴天堂。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 根據貝多芬對此作品的投入,我們可以推測:貝多芬會支持台灣獨立。或許有人會反對,說:「在拿破崙計畫進攻奧地利時,貝多芬可是大表歡迎的;因此他也會歡迎中國勢力。」說這話的人一定忘了:貝多芬原先將三號交響曲題獻給拿破崙,但當他聽到拿破崙稱帝的消息,貝多芬就撕毀了給拿破崙的獻詞。由此可見:貝多芬歡迎的是法國大革命的理想「自由、平等、博愛」(中國有嗎?),而不是帝國主義。而且,當年的奧地利並非民族國家、而是帝國中心,所以貝多芬開心地迎接帝國崩毀、以及他預期的:更多的民族國家獨立~可惜!這件事在他死後的<span lang="EN-US">1830</span>才發生。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 不只如此</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">,</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">在義大利歌劇還是音樂圈主流的時候</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">,</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">貝多芬唯一的歌劇作品<span lang="EN-US"> Fidelio</span>就是以德文寫作(如上),可見他鍾愛家鄉與文化,只是厭惡皇室與貴族。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 再講個故事:兩百多年前(<span lang="EN-US">1812</span>)的某一天,歌德和貝多芬在波西米亞的郊外散步。當奧地利皇后和貴族們迎面而來,歌德立刻卑微地退到路邊、脫帽低頭行禮,貝多芬卻昂首闊步、只略微扶著帽沿、就從貴族間穿過,貴族們卻不以為忤、主動脫帽與貝多芬打招呼。當時貝多芬對歌德講了一段話,茲引述如下(括弧內是我的改寫):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 「您大可不必這樣做。貴族的派頭是愚蠢的,只能顯示出他們的庸碌無能。貴族可以把勳章別在任何人的胸前,但這人不會因此變得更優秀。貴族也許能使人成為七品文官,但在任何時候他們也造就不出歌德或貝多芬(關心社會的偉大公民)。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 事實上,就連在貴族面前表現卑微的歌德,也曾說過:「革命絕不是人民的錯誤、而是政府的錯誤。」更不必說貝多芬,他經常在小酒店與共和主義者聚會,這使他成為維也納警察特務嚴密注意的對象;即使如此,貝多芬卻敢於公開咒罵復辟回朝的奧地利皇帝:「他應該被吊死在第一棵樹上<span lang="EN-US">! </span>」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 所以,貝多芬應該也是左派吧(但不會是左膠)!<span lang="EN-US">2016</span>貝多芬如果是台灣公民,他應該會把立委政黨票投給台獨左派的基進側翼。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 以下是貝多芬第九交響曲的第四樂章,請網友們一邊聽、一邊想像基進側翼的理想:打造一個「人能活得更像人」「不是天堂、但更接近天堂」的新國家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">延伸閱讀:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">我家也有莫札特 最可愛的古典名曲―爸爸的玩具交響曲(<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2015/11/by.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #191818; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">最溫柔的古典名曲<span lang="EN-US">―</span>媽媽教我的歌(<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2015/11/by_23.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-16624176361215586222015-11-24T01:46:00.002-08:002015-12-17T05:48:42.712-08:00最溫柔的古典名曲―媽媽教我的歌 獻給呂雪鳳女士和所有的台灣母親 (基進音樂廳)(by 老皮蛋)(下)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Adolf
Hyduk, 1835~1923</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(前承<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2015/11/by_23.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Antonín Dvo</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">ř</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">á<span lang="EN-US">k: Songs My Mother
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Violin: Itzhak Perlman, Tenor: Richard
Crooks</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Adolf Hyduk </span>還能同時以捷克語和德語寫詩,筆者卻不曾有機會學習書寫母語。再看看呂雪鳳女士,她在受訪時提到:「上了小學一年級,學校禁止說台語,
但我們戲班出身的哪裡會講國語, 就被老師拿木板打,打完叫我去走廊罰站, 掛一塊牌子在身上:『我說台語,我是小狗』。」而這不是呂小姐一個人的遭遇,卻是一整代台灣人民的遭遇<span lang="EN-US">――</span>包括筆者,但筆者卻在受罰兩次後、開始賤斥母親的語言。對照前述的捷克人/語言和羅姆人/語言,讀者想必可以理解:為何之前幾十年來的台灣文化界藝術界,都少有本土創作者(包括原住民)的影子、更少有本土語言的作品<span lang="EN-US">――</span>另一個原因是許多菁英都死於屠殺,包括筆者的外祖父。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 當我們讀到呂小姐講台語被霸凌時,我們不能以為事情都過去了;因為母親的語言還沒有得到真正的尊重,未被承認為官方語言、教學時數也被縮減。當我們看到呂小姐因為社會不公而貧窮、而被迫中輟學業,辛苦工作卻被歧視,我們也不能只是同情、更要關心和行動;因為社會不義仍舊存在、歧視現象依然普遍、低薪過勞更成為常態。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 讓我們再看兩段<span lang="EN-US"> Adolf Hyduk </span>的吉普賽之歌:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">我的歌高唱渴望<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>我的足徘徊異地<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>我的家在遠方的荒原<span lang="EN-US">-<br />
</span>我的國族在風雨中飄搖<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>我的心澎湃激盪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">給他一個純金作的籠子<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>吉普賽人會用它換回自由的破屋<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>就像野馬會擺脫鞍轡、疾馳進曠野<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>羅姆人也永遠愛好自由<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 所以,我們知道:<span lang="EN-US">Adolf Hyduk</span>雖然以「吉普賽之歌」為題,心裡所想的卻也是「波西米亞之歌」;他以羅姆人的命運(失去語言、失去國家、失去自由)隱喻捷克人的命運,而德佛札克使用了德文詩作,心思卻像是寫「我的祖國」的史麥塔納(<span lang="EN-US">Bed</span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">ř</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">ich
Smetana, 1824~1884</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="watch-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Bed</span></span><span class="watch-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "roboto"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">ř</span></span><span class="watch-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">ich Smetana: Má Vlast Moldau (Vltava) <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 如果<span lang="EN-US"> Adolf Hyduk</span>寫吉普賽之歌時,心裡想的是捷克國族的命運;那我們聽「媽媽教我的歌」、「我的祖國」時,心裡也應該想到台灣,想到捷克給了台灣甚麼啟示:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 波西米亞長期被外人統治,好不容易在<span lang="EN-US"> 1918</span>獨立建國,卻在二戰時再度被納粹德國併吞;戰後雖有形式上的獨立,但受到同屬斯拉夫語系的蘇聯控制,國家主權不被尊重、人民生活依舊悲慘。直至<span lang="EN-US">1989</span>年發生天鵝絨革命,捷克終於獲得真正的獨立。捷克獨立以後,在人民的努力下,國民所得、生活水準、文化建設<span lang="EN-US">…</span>早已超越了台灣。比這些更重要且基本的是:台灣一旦亡於中國(同屬漢藏語系?),詩歌中羅姆人的悲慘命運將不再遙遠,卻可能真實地發生在我們身上,就像一九四七。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">蕭泰然:一九四七序曲<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">高雄市立交響樂團,高雄市立合唱團</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 為了台灣的母親,為了不讓她們繼續流著上一代上上一代的眼淚,請支持基進側翼,打造一個「不受強權控制」「友善對待各族群母語」「人能活得更像人、因而母親可以安心生養下一代」的新國家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">媽媽教我的歌(老皮蛋)</span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">當我幼年的時候,母親教我歌唱,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">在她慈愛的眼睛裏,隱約閃著淚光。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">如今我教我的孩子們,唱這難忘的歌;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">禁不住滄桑的淚水,滴滴在我這憔悴的臉上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">而我知道:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">在我出生以前、母親還是小女孩的時候<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">她的母親教她唱歌,臉上也閃著淚光<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">英挺的丈夫自卡車摔落<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">跌落草莽<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">所謂祖國的軍人在背後開槍<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>孤女在荒野中哭喊阿爸<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">新寡的少婦噤聲 倉皇<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">多年以後,孤女也成為母親<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">乖巧的長子鮮少哭鬧<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">卻有著像外公的眼眉與聰慧<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">唱著古早的兒歌<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">她流下古早的淚水<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">當長子背起新書包<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">縫上新舌頭<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">口音像當年兇手一樣尖銳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">但比口音更尖銳的是辭藻<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">竟厭棄母親唱過的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">現在也正唱給弟弟聽的<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">採茶的桃太郎遠征魔鬼島(註三)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">母親給的舌頭早已失落<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">我唱的搖籃曲來自黑森林<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">有仙女野狼卻沒有黑熊和矮靈<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">但淚水卻是一樣的滄桑<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">不!這不是滄桑而是憂心<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">心憂樂土淪為天朝的邊疆<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">哀傷將攫獲更多的母親<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">註三:關於「縫上新舌頭」,請參見<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">縫上新舌頭的失語</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">---</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">讀《我的青春</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">我的</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">FORMOSA</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">》</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">(<span lang="ES"><a href="http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/content/89"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)<span lang="ES"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">關於「桃太郎遠征魔鬼島」,請參見:<span lang="ES"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">楊牧 有人 (<span lang="ES"><a href="http://www.ylib.com/class/topic/show2.asp?Object=gossip&No=27830&TopNo=4859"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>) 及<span lang="ES"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">禁忌與猜疑 楊牧寫來唏噓</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">(<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newtaiwan.com.tw/bulletinview.jsp?bulletinid=69254"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)</span></div>
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<pre><span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">延伸閱讀:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">媽咪!你為什麼要拉皮條?(<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/content/4811" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #01002a; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">吉普賽人:被侮辱與被損害的千年命運(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;"><a href="http://history.people.com.cn/BIG5/198819/206622/13660790.html"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-78363930396845421972015-11-23T22:45:00.000-08:002015-12-17T05:50:20.297-08:00最溫柔的古典名曲―媽媽教我的歌 獻給呂雪鳳女士和所有的台灣母親 (基進音樂廳)(by 老皮蛋)(上)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4FgHRCyF6MP7f0xXbWVjlXzR762NHs7lAcz9x4ixVBJ1z-GztAkHBptHUtLx73rlkrbNKo5fZVDKdV-Ms2IIm-Fp6ZQ51fLVilTrHVDOX2gp0aDBvfcjTMkcDOYZDke9Q8hLSMyINRUc4/s1600/Anna+and+Anton%25C3%25ADn+Dvo%25C5%2599%25C3%25A1k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4FgHRCyF6MP7f0xXbWVjlXzR762NHs7lAcz9x4ixVBJ1z-GztAkHBptHUtLx73rlkrbNKo5fZVDKdV-Ms2IIm-Fp6ZQ51fLVilTrHVDOX2gp0aDBvfcjTMkcDOYZDke9Q8hLSMyINRUc4/s400/Anna+and+Anton%25C3%25ADn+Dvo%25C5%2599%25C3%25A1k.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">Anna
& Antonín Dvo</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho";">ř</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">á<span lang="EN-US">k, </span>夫妻倆生了九個小孩,前三個都在嬰幼年時夭折。</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 22.0pt;">最溫柔的古典名曲―媽媽教我的歌</span></b></h3>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: large;">獻給呂雪鳳女士和所有的台灣母親</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(註一)</span></span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 上次介紹了最可愛的古典名曲,它是跟爸爸有關的;這次就來介紹跟媽媽有關的溫柔名曲<span lang="EN-US">――</span>德佛札克(<span lang="EN-US">Antonín Leopold Dvo</span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ř</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">á<span lang="EN-US">k, 1841~1904</span></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">)的「媽媽教我的歌」(註二)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jnSVPkFLXx0/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jnSVPkFLXx0?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Antonín Dvo</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">ř</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">á<span lang="EN-US">k: Songs My Mother
Taught Me<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Soprano: Anna Netrebko, Piano: Daniel
Barenboim</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Adolf Heyduk (1835-1923)</span>是與德佛札克大約同時的波西米亞詩人,他在<span lang="EN-US">1870</span>年代出版了詩集「吉普賽之歌」(<span lang="EN-US">Gypsy Songs</span>),有德文和捷克文兩種版本。德佛札克在<span lang="EN-US">1880</span>年挑了其中七首詩,根據德文版為之譜曲,其中最受歡迎的就是「媽媽教我的歌」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">當我幼年的時候,母親教我歌唱,<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>在她慈愛的眼睛裏,隱約閃著淚光。<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>如今我教我的孩子們,唱這難忘的歌;<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>禁不住辛酸的淚水,滴滴在我這憔悴的臉上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">Als
die alte Mutter mich noch lehrte singen,<br />
tränen in den Wimpern gar so oft ihr hingen.<br />
Jetzt, wo ich die Kleinen selber üb im Sange,<br />
rieselt's in den Bart oft, rieselt's oft von der braunen Wange.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 為什麼兩代母親的臉上都流著淚水呢?因為她們是吉普賽人,是「靠歌舞為生的下等人」(族名根源「<span lang="EN-US">Doma</span>」在梵語中的意義、</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18.6667px;">他們的自我命名「羅姆人(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18.6667px;">Rom</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18.6667px;">)」</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">)(呂雪鳳女士也出身自被歧視的歌仔戲團)。</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18.6667px;">一千多年來</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">羅姆人從北印度流浪至西非、然後離散在全歐洲,無論是在故鄉或他鄉,不變的是被歧視、被排斥、被驅逐;就在不久前的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">,右派的法國總統薩科奇還下令拆除她們的營地、將他們驅離法國。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Antonín Dvo</span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">ř</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">á<span lang="ES">k: Gypsy Songs</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: xx-small;">Soprano: Suzanne Draayer,
Piano: Deanne Mohr</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 筆者只看到德佛札克為之譜曲的七首詩,並未看到該詩集的其他詩作,但僅從這七首,我們也可以看到作者描寫的「生存的困境和希望」。以下選錄兩首詩的部分中譯(筆者自譯)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">愛之歌餘音繞樑<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>卻不知巨浪襲來<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>我歡慶兄弟的死亡<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>因他將擁有我失去的自由<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">正如一首吉普賽歌謠所言<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>死亡是永恆的<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>但吉普賽人的死亡就是一切的結束<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Adolf Heyduk, Antonín Dvo</span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">ř</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">á<span lang="EN-US">k</span></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">兩位都不是羅姆人,所以會稱其為吉普賽人、誤以為它們來自埃及尼羅河畔(「吉普賽」字源與埃及有關、詩集中也有提到尼羅河)。那麼他們為什麼會寫出<span lang="EN-US"> Gypsy Songs</span>,還會投入這麼深的情感呢?羅姆人為什麼自己不寫呢?兩位捷克人為什麼要用德文寫詩譜曲呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 波西米亞地區在十世紀時被納入神聖羅馬帝國,拉丁文成為官方語言、捷克語(斯拉夫語系)成為上不了檯面的「方言」。十五世紀初胡斯(<span lang="EN-US">Jan Hus, 1369~1415</span>)以捷克文翻譯聖經、為捷克語書寫建立標準,捷克語文才被更多人書寫印刷,但<span lang="EN-US">Jan Hus</span>終究被送上了火刑台。<span lang="EN-US">1526</span>年哈布斯堡家族入主波西米亞王國(國王常由神聖羅馬帝國的皇帝兼任),德文成為主要官方語言;<span lang="EN-US">1806</span>年神聖羅馬帝國滅亡,波希米亞地區則成為奧匈帝國的屬地,德文仍然是官方語言。直到<span lang="EN-US">1918</span>年一戰結束,捷克斯洛伐克共和國建立,捷克語才成為官方正式語言;</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">在此之前,捷克語文雖未全面被禁,但始終是不體面的方言~很長一段時間,只有懸絲偶戲</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">marionettes</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">可以公開使用捷克語。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 羅姆語的處境就更慘了,它從未被主流社會接受,也未曾建立標準的發音或書寫方式。不只如此,因為羅姆人普遍貧窮、居無定所、備受歧視,所以羅姆人難有受教育的機會;即使有幸接受教育,教師使用的也是和母親不一樣的語言,這會造成理解學習的障礙。因此,如果天上謫仙人或音樂神童生而為羅姆人,天賦的才華也難有發展的機會;就算真有羅姆人寫出勝過<span lang="EN-US">Adolf Heyduk</span>的「羅姆/吉普賽之歌」,詩集也不會被印刷流傳;就算羅姆人唱出不遜於<span lang="EN-US">Antonín Dvo</span></span><span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">ř</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">á<span lang="EN-US">k</span></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">的優美旋律,音樂也也不會成為曲譜,更不會被流傳後世、甚至改編成不同樂器的版本。</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252525; font-family: 標楷體;">Antonín Dvo</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252525; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">ř</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252525; font-family: 標楷體;">ák: Songs My Mother Taught Me</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">Violin: Itzhak Perlman, Tenor: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">Richard Crooks</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">(未完待續,下篇請見<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2015/11/by_24.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<pre><pre><h4 style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHtwjl64oCV3aKUERafQpBYgPWGTM7ayxagXVAmPmtqTb9HTC3PpZe-OlfGQQCUxRixFXVfDNVMxcw2YBq3Dc_g_SrOXD7p6o4SXgQ1Jbrn1MfPUUC1hVXpnfwZM6luzkfzWK2DdTHjz26/s1600/%25E5%2591%2582%25E9%259B%25AA%25E9%25B3%25B3%25E3%2580%2580%25E9%2586%2589%25E7%2594%259F%25E5%25A4%25A2%25E6%25AD%25BB%25EF%25BD%259E%25E7%25B6%25B2%25E8%25B7%25AF%25E7%2594%25A8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHtwjl64oCV3aKUERafQpBYgPWGTM7ayxagXVAmPmtqTb9HTC3PpZe-OlfGQQCUxRixFXVfDNVMxcw2YBq3Dc_g_SrOXD7p6o4SXgQ1Jbrn1MfPUUC1hVXpnfwZM6luzkfzWK2DdTHjz26/s400/%25E5%2591%2582%25E9%259B%25AA%25E9%25B3%25B3%25E3%2580%2580%25E9%2586%2589%25E7%2594%259F%25E5%25A4%25A2%25E6%25AD%25BB%25EF%25BD%259E%25E7%25B6%25B2%25E8%25B7%25AF%25E7%2594%25A8.jpg" width="280" /></a></h4>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">註一:本文原刊登於極光電子報(<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/52354613.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>),感謝極光電子報允許另貼於本部落格;在交稿給極光後,筆者略有修改文字。而</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">就在寫作過程中,筆者看到金馬獎最佳女配角呂雪鳳(上圖)的生命故事(如下),深有所感,就將這篇文字獻給她、以及所有的台灣母親。「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">最佳女配角呂雪鳳的美麗人生」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.nextmag.com.tw/breaking-news/people/20151121/30265391"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></a></span><span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註二:正文中提到的、與父親有關的「最可愛的古典名曲」,請見:「</span><span style="color: #191818; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">我家也有莫札特 最可愛的古典音樂名曲~玩具交響曲」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2015/11/by.html"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></a></span><span style="color: #141823; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">(未完待續,下篇請見<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2015/11/by_24.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-246719349491095052015-11-17T19:51:00.003-08:002015-12-17T05:51:36.491-08:00我家也有莫札特 最可愛的古典音樂名曲~玩具交響曲 (基進音樂廳)(by 老皮蛋)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141823;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">W. A. Mozart and his
elder sister Nannerl Mozart</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 您可以點選下面的<span lang="EN-US"> Youtube </span>檔,邊聽音樂邊看介紹與討論。而且,除了小提琴等樂器,您還會聽到好幾種玩具輪番(或一同)上場表演。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 這是莫札特的作品,但不是您所熟悉的、那位純真如天使般的莫札特(<span lang="EN-US">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</span>),而是傳說中嚴厲古板的老莫札特(<span lang="EN-US">Leopold
Mozart, the father of W. A. Mozart</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 這麼可愛的老莫札特,應該也是個會陪小孩子玩的溫柔爸爸;怎麼會整天教訓兒子,兒子還沒長大就拉著他四處旅行演奏、搞得孩子營養不良(可能累得吃不下),甚至過世後還會讓兒子做惡夢~怎麼會變成這麼可怕的爸爸?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Johann Georg Leopold Mozart , the father of W. A. Mozart</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 溫柔老爹會變成魔鬼嚴父,這中間有角色轉換、不得不然的因素。但更多的,我們要考慮當時的社會環境:當時的歐洲還是由貴族統治,貴族們不勞而獲、其他人勞心勞力,一般人再有才華、再有能力(少數新興資產階級與銀行家除外),也必須仰承鼻息以求溫飽,神童也不例外。老莫札特為了小莫札特的將來,只能在自己辛勤工作之餘(脾氣不會太好)、帶著小莫札特長途奔波,只求有機會獲得有權勢的貴族賞識、獲得安定有前途的工作。然而,小莫札特的精采演出,換得的不是穩定的收入、也不是可換食物的現金,卻往往是貴重卻無用的衣物飾品武器(當時貴族也逐漸沒落)。所以,小莫札特只好繼續旅行,甚至在旅程中接到母親過世的噩耗。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Anna Maria Walburga Mozart, the mother of W. A. Mozart</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 這是兩百多年前的事了,但是您是否覺得似曾相識。沒錯!同樣的故事繼續上演:一個滿懷愛心的爸爸,辛勤工作卻常被老闆挑剔,動不動就被扣薪、放無薪假,老闆還會說:「再囉嗦我就把公司收一收(把工廠關掉)、去大陸(應該稱中國)投資,看妳們怎麼辦?」一旦真的關廠,連基本的資遣費都拿不到;就算沒被減薪放無薪假,辛勞所得卻追不上物價(更別提房價了)…這個滿懷愛心的爸爸恐怕很難對孩子和顏悅色吧!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 就算這個爸爸<span lang="EN-US">EQ</span>超高,不會因為工作太挫折就遷怒小朋友。但只要想到孩子以後的生存競爭(最好可以移民、免得哪天變中國人),這個爸爸就只好板起臉孔,逼孩子補英文、補數學、補作文、再加強英文(因為要移民),成績不好就請出「愛的小手」(甚麼鬼?);於是,天使墮落俗世、純真提早蒙上凡間的喧囂塵垢,音樂神童(美術、工藝…)的才華被埋沒(好啦只有一部份是天才、但每個都是天使)~溫柔老爸在孩子心中變成恐怖大魔王。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">看似單純的父子親情,背後的條件是:父親有穩定的工作、足夠生活所需的收入、符合人性的勞動條件,而且住家附近有負擔得起的托育機構。我們(基進側翼)的理想是:讓台灣的每個父親都可以擁有以上的生活條件、每對父子都可以相處愉快、每個孩子的生命中都有個最棒最溫柔的父親。當然,這些都適用於母親。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 想像一下:如果有一個新而獨立的國家,在那裡,只要願意工作,每個人都可以有適能適性、有尊嚴不過勞、收入足以養家、不會莫名其妙被解雇~的工作,人民也不必擔心哪天突然失去上臉書打屁的自由;在那裡,爸爸們可以保持良好心情、有很多時間陪孩子玩,孩子們也不必每天補習擠升學窄門…<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 在一個「人可以活得更像人」的所在,爸爸也可以溫柔可愛、孩子也可以擁有快樂的童年。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 媽媽呢?以上的每一個「爸爸」,換成</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18.6667px;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">媽媽</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18.6667px;">」</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">也都成立。而且,基進音樂盒的下一集,我們會針對媽媽談、介紹一支與媽媽有關的經典名曲,是從完全不同的觀點談媽媽喔!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 請支持基進側翼,共同打造「人可以活得更像人」的新國家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">註:關於「玩具交響曲」的作者,歷來有許多不同的說法,有說是海頓(<span lang="EN-US">Joseph Haydn</span>)、安格爾(<span lang="EN-US">Edmund Angerer</span>)作曲的傳說,但最多人接受(可能有感情因素)的還是老莫札特。無論作者是誰,都不影響本文論旨。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-60050542802682382432015-11-10T18:00:00.000-08:002015-11-10T08:15:06.624-08:00馬習會證明基進存在的必要性(by 老皮蛋)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">本圖出處:自由時報網站</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 馬習會最令人吃驚的一件事,不是馬英九不再捍衛中華民國、接受「一個中國」原則、放棄「各自表述」但書</span><span lang="EN-US">――</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">畢竟這幾年來的傾中政策早已說明了他「極力協助中國併吞台灣(俗稱『統一』)」的決心</span><span lang="EN-US">――</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;卻是民進黨的退讓</span><span lang="EN-US">――</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">曾明確反對「一中各表」「九二共識」的民進黨,竟然在此時表示「『一個中國』是出賣台灣、『堅持各表』是相對可接受的」(至少有部分從政黨員如此)。事實上,也不只民進黨如此,許多平常自詡「獨派」「反對中國併吞」的評論家也表現出類似的態度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 這件事告訴我們:民進黨作為準執政黨、意圖吸納最大多數選票的政黨,身段會比較柔軟、政治主張會比較有彈性。民進黨今天的退讓,可能是因為黨員意見紛雜、未及整合,就暫且提出「比國民黨獨一點、前進一點點」的主張;但也可能是有意擴大版圖、想吸收「只接受『一中各表』、不接受『一個中國』、因此對馬英九失望憤怒的選民」~~雖然,我很懷疑:這種選民會有多少?而他們真會因為馬的「接受一中」而轉向投票嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 無論民進黨(與某些「獨派」)轉變的原因究竟為何,這都是危險的轉變。因為:只要沒有同時並舉「一台」;那麼,無論有沒有提到「各表」,「一中」都是不能接受的、都是會葬送台灣主權與民主自由的言說。因為全世界認知的「中國」就是「中華人民共和國」(根本沒有「各表」的空間)、而「中國」就是主張「台灣自古屬於中國、是不可分割的領土」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 還有一點更令人擔心的,就是:如果國民黨接受「一個中國」,民進黨就接受「一中各表」;那麼,如果有一天國民黨接受「一國一制」,民進黨是不是就會接受「一國兩制」?或者應該說:雖然民進黨不會無限退讓,但在論辯過程中,卻讓他人有(如前述)民進黨立場後撤的錯覺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 因此,台灣很需要比民進黨更基進、更不妥協的政黨</span><span lang="EN-US">――</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">無論國共兩黨有何共識,這個政黨都會堅持「台灣不屬於中國」、都會繼續打造「台灣新共和</span><span lang="EN-US">―</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人民能在其中幸福生活的獨立國家」。有這樣的政黨存在、並獲得國會席次,才能提醒民進黨不能隨波逐流,並在未來「蔡習會」(如果真有)時作為我方堅持台灣國家尊嚴的後盾。而只有這樣的政黨獲得人民支持,才能告訴國際社會:台灣人民不願意被中國統治。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 此外,當陳前總統提出「一中一台」主張時、中國就能接受「一中各表」,而當國民黨政府宣揚「一中各表」時、中國就堅持「一個中國」(沒有各表);由此可見,中國對台灣地位的主張並非一成不變,也可能是會跟隨台方態度調整的(但總是比台方主張更接近併吞/實質統一)。所以,<span style="color: #141823;">若期待中國(乃至國際社會)接受台灣人的主張,無論是勉強接受中華民國或未來式的台灣獨立,在議價手段上,都必須要將我們的立場更往前一步</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">--</span><span style="color: #141823; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果你住在台灣卻愛好中華民國,就請支持台獨政黨;如果你認為「未來台灣應該獨立」,就請支持「已經著手規畫『台灣新共和』」的政黨。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-67904768879272914792015-09-08T06:13:00.000-07:002016-03-05T06:19:01.036-08:00強調跳脫藍綠的第三勢力有什麼盲點?(by 格瓦推)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本文於2015年9月8日首刊於《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/47802824.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">壹、何謂藍綠</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藍綠不僅是國民黨與民進黨兩個政黨的顏色,更是兩種意識型態的差別。我們可以簡單定義藍與綠的意識型態:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家認同</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政治信仰</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藍</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="FR">ROC+PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">綠</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民主改革</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藍綠之爭,雖然以國民黨與民進黨的角力最具代表性,但是藍的意識型態不限於國民黨,綠的意識型態不限於民進黨。「藍</span><span lang="FR"> vs </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">綠」是「殖民</span><span lang="FR"> vs </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">獨立」、「威權</span><span lang="FR"> vs </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民主」的政治意識型態對立,國民黨固然無法獨佔泛藍光譜,民進黨的具體行事也不全然定錨綠色價值。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貳、「跳脫藍綠」的迷思</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國、民兩黨只是藍綠意識型態的代表性物件。「跳脫藍綠」的政治口號,如果指的僅是跳脫兩黨,則窄化了藍綠的意義;如果是指跳脫藍綠意識型態,則是迴避了台灣當代最重要、最不應迴避的政治課題。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">某些冠以「進步」、「新政治」的政治話術,將反抗</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民、拒絕</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞、清算法西斯</span><span lang="FR">KMT</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等政治訴求,以超越藍綠之名貶抑:或標籤為政黨惡鬥、撕裂社會,或視為舊政治,或視為假議題。雖然這類人往往愛自我標榜為清流,但實際上是台灣民主的負債。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>(一)解殖是舊政治?</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民不存在嗎?台灣被迫以「中國共和國」(</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為國號(請思考這背後的國族想像是什麼?),「一中兩區」的憲法絲毫無視國民主權的落實,外國人孫文作為「國父」並高懸於公家機關,華語作為唯一「國語」,中國史長久作為「本國史」</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。殖民體制是建立在「權力</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文化</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認同</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">經濟」的叢結,</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">則以中華性的親疏決定「地位」的不平等再造成經濟階級的分化,此地位政治邏輯的關鍵就是中國國族主義</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華性親者貴、疏者庸、闕者鄙,以此結構「核心</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">邊陲</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">非我族類」的權利與道德階序(「皇民=漢奸」就是一例)。</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/47802824.html#1"> [1]</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「住民自決」是政治共同體最基本且重要的權利。</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制加諸台灣的殖民壓迫從</span><span lang="FR">1945</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">迄今仍存,不是已經解決的「舊政治」;政治團體若迴避,則有不見輿薪之疑,一點都不「進步」。而解殖之謂,並非訴諸血緣的認定與文化的淨化,它是以土地為疆界,以土著化與平權為原則,透由民主機制凝聚政治共同體。那些動輒將解殖等本土化主張貼上「老舊」、「福佬沙文」標籤的反解殖論調,才是「舊政治」的產物</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">來自充滿誤解與偏見的藍營意識型態,對國族的想像僵固於以血緣與文化的原初來定義,完全沒有跟上公民國族主義為國族內容所賦予的開放性、多元性與流動性。</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/47802824.html#2"> [2]</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,台灣等於中華民國的說帖、修憲而不制憲的主張,都與「擱置殖民壓迫」聲氣相通,甚至會鞏固殖民體制的正當性。而解除</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民的訴求,也不應被反抗</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞的動員所模糊,兩者不只不衝突,且互為依緣。</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/47802824.html#3"> [3]</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgai-Ekx2lyBU7lsANej_a6tqO3Wb_BJC0Z5WeB9UxINxaad8XmAIWKOED8PZeS6K64wek5K3lfGPxHDCQjSwDVayc8FfDMs7GlAHglleMmV_h1hJSSVrOZATbKVcpvHgcUi-S6fecYV8jy/s1600/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgai-Ekx2lyBU7lsANej_a6tqO3Wb_BJC0Z5WeB9UxINxaad8XmAIWKOED8PZeS6K64wek5K3lfGPxHDCQjSwDVayc8FfDMs7GlAHglleMmV_h1hJSSVrOZATbKVcpvHgcUi-S6fecYV8jy/s320/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>(二)統獨是假議題?</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣被</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞的危機不存在嗎?</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在國際上封鎖台灣或</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的主權地位已成為常識,其帝國野心自不待言。而台灣只要持續</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制,造成在法律與憲政上與</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">糾纏不清,不只難以具備法理獨立的條件,甚至有利於</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以「一中」、「內政」、「內戰」之名併台。更不用說在面對</span><span lang="FR">ECFA</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、服貿、貨貿、自經區、亞投行與蠢蠢欲動的和平協議時,國共兩黨、跨海政商集團一次次聯手企圖將台灣推向更依附於中國或被中國內政化的深淵;以及已經在台灣布建多時的中國白蟻。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣社會並非對被併吞的危機無感,所以去年因反台中服貿而佔領國會能獲得主流民意支持</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太陽花的本質是一場「我是台灣人,不當中國人」的國族主義運動,不然可以想想:若是半分鐘通過台美服貿,會引起那麼大的恐慌?但仍有一些太陽花的收割者,利用媒體霸權將民意沸騰的本質詮釋為「反黑箱」,而不願承認統獨因素才是民意集結的關鍵。這類「超越統獨」、「統獨是假議題」的「新政治」,或是對民主的想像只剩程序正義,而迴避實質價值爭論的「程序控」,都是試圖讓台灣社會忽視目前最大、最迫切危機的麻藥。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>(三)清算法西斯國民黨是政治惡鬥?</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國民黨有無資格存在甚至參政?姑且不論其外來政權的本質,考察國民黨治台史:屠殺、白色恐怖、語言與文化滅絕、黨國不分</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,道道地地的法西斯政黨。根據德國民主防衛機制(</span><span lang="FR">wehrhafte Demokratie / streitbare Demokratie</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的精神,以及民主轉型成功國家所進行的轉型正義案例,國民黨仍然存在並可參與政治,就是台灣民主未達及格線的證據。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民主的基本秩序包括:基本權利保障、國民主權原則、權力分立、政府負責、依法行政、法院獨立性與中立性、多數決原則以及政黨機會平等原則。政黨在整體國家權力運作中扮演著極重要的角色,欲防衛上述民主基本秩序不被破壞,必須對政黨進行規範:政黨之目的及其支持者之行為,係意圖損害或廢除上述法治國重要構成要素之一者,屬違憲政黨。</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/47802824.html#4"> [4]</a> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此處所謂「違憲」,並非限於違背具體憲法條文,比較精準的說法是:違背民主憲政精神。民主防衛機制的用意在於避免藉民主機制毀壞民主制度</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">納粹正是以民主方式奪取政權而後毀壞民主;所以依據此原則,曾犯下屠殺罪行、黨國至今不分、持續殖民式的歧視性統治的中國國民黨,在經歷轉型正義之前,是違憲政黨,不應有權參與民主選舉。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清算國民黨的政治工程(含追討黨產</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/47802824.html#5">[5]</a> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),一方面是實質避免威權復辟,一方面是透過政治公審,為台灣的民主政治劃下一條及格線,讓台灣社會對民主的認知不再淺薄(民主=選舉)。任何以「公民」之名的民主深化運動,若反對清算國民黨,或支持未經轉型正義的「藍綠和解」,都是將台灣的民主滯留在不及格的幫兇。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">廣義言之,國、民兩黨以外的政治團體都可稱為第三勢力。有的第三勢力定錨藍綠側翼,並且不諱言之,如深藍的新黨,深綠的基進側翼;有的第三勢力則執藍綠之中,或自謂在藍綠之外。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果我們將藍綠相對定義為涉及國家認同(中國或台灣)與政治信仰(威權或民主)的意識型態,「跳脫藍綠」的各種說辭,如:將藍綠一體非之(藍綠一樣爛)、或迴避藍綠抉擇(譴責藍綠惡鬥)、或高倡未經轉型正義的藍綠大和解,若非鄉愿,則為脫離現況,甚至可能因此弱化了反壓迫的正當性,而淪為</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民、</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併台、法西斯國民黨的同路人。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藍綠對立是殖民與反殖、併吞與獨立、法西斯與民主的價值抉擇,這是台灣特產</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">肇因於殖民體制與民主轉型未竟。藍色意識型態所擁抱的是反人權反民主的價值(殖民、帝國、法西斯),綠色意識型態則是為了對抗這種扭曲而產生,是為了讓台灣成為民主及格的正常國家。切莫錯將藍綠之爭視為正常民主國家的路線(如左右)、政黨競爭,而主張擱置、包容或超越,並因此妄稱進步。況且,即使不在台灣的藍綠脈絡,「跳脫</span><span lang="FR">XX</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對立」的口號也常常是民粹的語言。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「『跳脫藍綠』是個該被慎用的詞,因為那是民粹化的起手勢。」</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/47802824.html#6">[6]</a> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民粹主義有一種強烈的「我們代表人民」的道德觀,視主流政黨皆為腐敗之徒(否定政治在民意之外有其專業的部分),並視意識型態與政治立場的對立為被操弄出來的假議題。他們用「對現況不滿」將人民的訴求一體化、扁平化,至於真實存在於人民之間的價值對立、意識型態差異,則被無視,甚至剝奪其合理性。最鮮明的例子就是民粹派匈牙利總理</span><span lang="FR">Viktor Orbán</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的名言:「國族無法在各種對立中存在。」(置諸台灣脈絡就是:「藍綠對立搞垮台灣。」)。在台灣,若自詡統包或超越藍綠光譜,就是一種民粹主義。我們可以檢視:哪些第三勢力是訴諸民粹?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果我們反對殖民體制的不平等、反對被中國併吞、反對法西斯政黨參政,我們需要的,就不是超脫藍綠、訴諸民粹的第三勢力,而是比民進黨更獨、更堅持正義的第三勢力</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">尤其在民進黨的國家認同向「台灣=</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」傾斜、迷思於「台獨沒市場」,並因害怕「藍綠惡鬥」的污名而對清算國民黨趨於保守之際。若所有反國民黨的第三勢力都與民進黨搶食中間與保守選票,只怕會造成整體政治風氣的繼續沈淪。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認同的問題、統獨的問題、清算法西斯政黨的問題,是舊問題,因為數十年未解決;但不是舊政治,因為在當代,這些依然是台灣國家無法正常、政治未臻民主的關鍵。近年來,「台灣認同」透過各種台獨運動而增長,「國民黨不倒台灣不會好」的轉型正義概念,也蔚為風潮;之所以有這些成果,除了有民主前輩的薪火相傳,也得利於政治新論述與新方法的發展。將藍綠問題視為舊政治並倡言揚棄的人,或許該想想:是否與時代脈動脫節了?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藍綠不是不能被超克。但不是透由白色公民力量,以技術專業為治理原則擺脫藍綠;也不是靠藍綠頭人共飲未經轉型正義的大和解咖啡;更不是自欺欺人於程序控的民粹動員。一言以蔽之:淘汰藍的,就不再有藍綠對立。當殖民體制與勢力被消解(指本土化,誤滑坡為屠殺中國新移民)、以台灣為主體的國家認同成為共識、透過轉型正義完成台灣的民主轉型,也就是說:殖民的、天朝主義的、法西斯的藍色意識型態不再有滋長的土壤,就不再有藍綠對立,並可望發展為都是台灣認同的、都在民主及格線以上的左右競爭。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在淘汰藍色價值以超克藍綠之前,支持台灣獨立與民主價值的選民,沒有必要支持任何高舉超越藍綠的第三勢力。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">【附註】</span></b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[1] </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於以「中華性」為核心的「地位政治」,詳見二文:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬赫起南〈在馬王鬥中,重看地方派系與侍從主義〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/y2xm"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格瓦推〈獨左</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨作為一種左派〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/tRjh0"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><span lang="FR"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[2] </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳見二文:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格瓦推〈我們怎麼談解殖?〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/kElO"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格瓦推〈回答一個低級的老問題〉</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(<a href="http://ppt.cc/1A1N"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[3] </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「『獨立』的基本訴求就是主體性的建構,拒絕被殖民、被邊陲化、被他者化。所以反</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民的台獨,在面對中國的帝國野心時,當然會是反</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞的台獨;亦即,台獨是在內部對抗</span><span lang="FR">KMT-ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制的運動,同時也是在外部對抗</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞的運動。</span><span lang="FR">[...]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當台灣擺脫</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制(含國號)後,可以斧底抽薪地讓中國併台不具有內戰意義的曖昧空間,純粹是國際問題。所以解殖式台獨不只有對抗</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的意義,亦有對抗</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的意義;『反對</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民』與『反對</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞』不只可以並立,也應該並立。」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳見格瓦推〈這些人欠老台獨一份敬意與歉意〉</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(<a href="http://ppt.cc/3q2~"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[4] </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳見南國遊子〈從德國基本法之規定出發,簡單聊聊民主防衛機制的概念〉I( <a href="http://ppt.cc/Wn3S"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)II (<a href="http://ppt.cc/rp1f"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[5] </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國民黨的恩庇侍從體制為何能普遍且深入地掌握台灣基層?「黨產」是讓「經濟利益交換政治忠誠」有效的關鍵。只要國民黨這個法西斯政黨繼續坐擁鉅額黨產,我們就不會擁有一個正常的民主機制與政治權力平等的社會,國民黨不只可以挾資源而有競爭優勢,還能藉民主之名奪權而後毀壞台灣的民主。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳見二文:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新一〈「黨產」讓台灣地方政治淪為「服務業」〉</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(<a href="http://ppt.cc/5NzGw"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米那娃之梟〈終結黨國體制的幽靈</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從不義黨產終結開始〉</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(<a href="http://ppt.cc/pAN8Z"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[6] </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳見格瓦推〈柯文哲現象是場災難〉</span><span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(<a href="http://ppt.cc/7CtOe"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-5488153435569838042015-08-25T00:45:00.000-07:002015-08-29T14:56:50.690-07:00被殖民不該感謝統治者 ( by 佛國喬) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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那些「中華民國就是台灣」、「中華民國在台灣」之類的主張,只要碰觸到中華民國與台灣在二戰中軍事對立的事實,就會立刻破了功,李登輝前總統最近發言<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> (註1)</span> 能釣出一串魚就是一個例子。<br />
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當年的戰火,其實一直漫延到今日兩種不同的想像共同體--島嶼的或是跨海的--在歷史感受上的歧異,比如該如何看待二戰間中華民國空軍轟炸台灣?<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> (註2)</span> 不過,在二者之間,還存在一種中華民國國族立場,是一個在這十幾年來不斷質變與分化的政治類別,有的還停留在兩蔣立場,即所謂的權宜式主權派:在中國民主化之前,反對中國的併台;有的則變得可以接受以現下國界作為國族的長久彊界;有的則在二者擺盪;但他們共同地內化了下列觀點:我的國家是由中國渡海而來的,並認為島上的其他人也應該要同意。<br />
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(圖說:同盟國陣營中華民國轟炸軸心國陣營的台灣。from:台灣回憶探險團)<br />
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這些人通常有三個異於台灣國族認同立場的特色;首先,<b>國家認同是依附於政權道統而非土地</b>,所以會有「國家會搬遷」這種蠻前現代的看法。其次,是<b>高度接受過去官方國族主義在島上傳播之成功</b>,他們並不會去反思:該成功所憑借的是暴力以及在學校所進行記憶清洗,前者比如殺掉、關掉及禁掉台獨份子,後者比如是軸心國陣營的家族記憶在課本消失了,這些人最常用的話術就是:「你總不能否認現在台灣大多數人都接受中華民國吧?」就如同以下的反動話術:「你總不能否認現在台灣大多數人都正面看待蔣經國吧?」最後一點,他們對於「渡海軍政集團」既有的優越地位是無異議的,更精確地說,<b>對於國族史敘事所蘊藏的象徵暴力並沒有警覺</b>,儘管這個象徵暴力鋪陳出了昨日已造成、今日還殘留的族群地位不平等。<br />
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<b>該不平等首先是建立在「渡海軍政集團帶來了國家」這樣的神話上</b>,正是這個神話造就了該集團早年在國家制度的優越地位,如國會組成、軍公教入門與晉昇的特權、媒體由特定族群把持等等……經歷具解殖特色的民主化,這些不平等有很大的改善,但殖民殘餘仍是無處不在的,如格瓦推一文<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> (註3)</span> 所列舉的:「國號是『中國共和國』(ROC)、憲法是『一中兩區』、中國忠烈祠應許其國族光榮、孫文作為『國父』高懸於公家機關、華語作為唯一『國語』、中華文化基本教材作為中學必修......,這些中華性的霸權現象」,盡已成了我們日常國族主義(banal nationalism)。不是吾人要戴著族群眼鏡看台灣政治,而是族群分類原本就是國民黨數十年來的統治術。<br />
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<b>該不平等其次是建立於二戰的傷痕中</b>,站在中華民國國族認同立場上,無可避免地,這個島嶼上那些autochtones/autochthons(指相對於殖民者的原本住民,包括原住民或非原住民),除了極少許有成為半山之外,就算不曾是中華民國<b>國敵</b>(皇民!),也是中華民國國族<b>「略帶不潔」的新加入者</b>(奴化!)。國敵與「略帶不潔」印記還不斷地透由歷史召喚來維持,以壓抑autochtones的政治地位;如近日以國家名義要全民一起來正面紀念轟炸台灣,如透過課本進行記憶清洗與公共空間塗掉日殖年號,來暗示某段歷史是不潔的,如煽動群眾視岩里政男、青山文哲之名字為政治污點,如時時可見公共書寫提醒autochtones若不仇日,就得一起承擔日本軍閥發動戰爭之罪,甚至語氣重到用「沒有任何模糊的空間」<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> (註4) </span>;此外,就是前日有政治人物拿南北韓仇日與台灣親日作比較,而評以「台灣人的真正悲哀」<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(註5) </span>。<br />
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持平而論,和朝鮮半島不同,台灣autochtones未曾因日殖而經歷亡國之痛,他們是因為不滿於統治者之種族更替,才有頭幾年的武裝反抗;事實上,反而是受惠於日殖,這些autochtones才習得台灣人身份認同以及現代國家觀念;二者交錯得以產生的「台灣是台灣人的台灣」口號,雖早在1920年代被提出,但一直只是少許精英在呼喊;戰火下的亞細亞孤兒終究只能在周遭的軍事政權中擇一依附:中國國民黨、中國共產黨或是大日本帝國。<br />
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若中華民國國族認同者會認為皇民選擇是荒唐的<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(註5、註6)</span> ,甚至是<b>漢奸</b>之舉,那是因為<b>中華民國國族認同本來就是建立在種族本位之上</b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> (註7)</span> ;拿戰前兩個國家的被統治者處境作比較,拿台灣日殖、台灣蔣殖及中國毛治之殘酷腐敗作比較,我們可以很清楚明瞭那種族本位是有多麼地不智了;不過,在考量<b>被殖者的抓浮木心理</b>,以及<b>尚未出現台灣國族選項</b>的前提下,台灣國族視角還是應該<b>給予半山與皇民相等的同情</b>,這是中華民國國族視角所辦不到的。<br />
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戰前的autochtons不是中國公民,他們的皇民選擇自無涉叛國,但卻得在戰後活在「捉漢奸」的恐懼下;七十年過去了,當年的「貓與老鼠」關係還是維持不變,就算曾貴為民選總統,也逃脫不了被「捉漢奸」命運;<b>向來改善不多的歷史課綱,正是「渡海軍政集團」得以取得舉國一起來賤視非半山autochtons歷史經驗的合法性來源</b>。或有些人緩言:李登輝若是常民,揭示皇民認同並無不妥,但身為前總統是不宜的;這句話真實的意思是:作為老鼠就乖乖當老鼠,沒自我否定前可別想當貓。或有些人緩言:別管那一代人的皇民認同了,這問題再過幾年就不會再糾纏台灣了;這句話真實的意思是:「捉漢奸」果然是做對了,看,老鼠們全都喵喵叫了。<br />
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與「渡海軍政集團」同時來台的人們,很多已成功本土化了,但有些仍很敵視台灣國族認同的興起,這些人心懷下列一種恐懼或不爽:如果這島嶼的共同體想像,逐漸從依附於渡海而來的政權道統,轉變為依附於土地,那透由上述象徵暴力所造就的<b>有利地位將不再存在</b>,並且,自身還會<b>「淪為」國族的晚近加入者</b>,亦即:<b>家族史與國族史的高度同步性</b>突然喪失了;1949年之前的家族史將只是國族史裏《戰後初期移民篇》,而不再是國族史裏宛如大江大海的主角。<br />
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二戰之後的十多年間,全球產生了史上最大規模的人口流動 <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(見上圖,註8)</span> ,在此流動之後,「家族史與國族史的高度同步性」是由移民而非autochtone來喊聲的情事 ,只發生在兩塊土地,一是<b>以色列/巴勒斯坦</b>,二是<b>台灣</b>,兩地的共同特徵除了移民皆為<b>武裝</b>之外,該同步性最後也都沒有完全成功,反而讓社會一直存在摩擦。<br />
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承認自身是移民、承認是國族的晚近加入者,若會因此不快,那請想一下,過去的七十年,作為多數人口的「非半山autochtones」所集體承受著的,可不只是相對稱的「家族史與國族史不同步」,尚且有二戰傷痕及外來政權立場所交錯而出的<b>國敵</b>與<b>「略帶不潔」</b>的問題。總不能拍著他們的肩膀說:「反正這麼長時間也該委屈成習慣了吧?當年的記憶清洗都洗得那麼徹底了,那就繼續接受吧?對立的時代,應該要結束了,不要再把悲哀和詛咒強加在下一代身上,不論如何,現在,就是中華民國在台灣!」(最後幾句仿《風傳媒》社論筆調)<br />
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上述這種立場的人,有的並不如此直白表達,他們學會用一種John Rawls風格的<b>自由主義修辭</b>,來提倡國家應該在國族認同爭議裏保持中立,但最終還是<b>為了迴避掉國家制度裏殖民殘留之問題、迴避掉既存國族敘事裏的象徵暴力</b>。「統獨是假議題」、「課綱爭議是黑箱無關統獨」這類的口號,若不是出於對「渡海軍政集團」殖民性格理解不足,就是出於上述修辭。<br />
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「被殖民不該感謝統治者」是朱立倫講的<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(註9)</span> ,但請千萬牢記,<b>凡可以用來面對(已然瓦解的)大日本帝國之道理,都可以用來面對(還在你我左右的)中華民國</b>。<br />
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註1:《Voice雜誌》李登輝:揭開日台合作的新帷幕 http://ppt.cc/WT8FT<br />
李登輝:台對日抗戰非事實,馬英九痛斥「羞辱人民 應道歉」 http://ppt.cc/aJpP0<br />
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註2:Doris:曾轟炸台灣的人 居然還要台灣人一起慶祝抗日? http://ppt.cc/ISJni<br />
范蘭欽:轟炸新竹要感恩 http://ppt.cc/YrMSS<br />
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註3:格瓦推:人的記憶與土地的記憶 http://ppt.cc/fduEg<br />
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註4:這說法在統派圈很流行,如連結的苦勞網文章。若這說法合理,那今日的中華民國認同者是不是都該一起承擔蔣軍花園口決堤事件的罪行呢? 張智琦:為什麼要紀念「抗日勝利」 http://ppt.cc/O53Wu<br />
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註5:郭正亮:別縱容李登輝的親日史觀 http://ppt.cc/kotvi<br />
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註6:風評:李登輝,你別錯得離了譜! http://ppt.cc/ak6WW<br />
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註7:佛國喬:統派究竟是民族主義還是帝國主義? http://ppt.cc/haQf<br />
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註8:出處 Atlas historique, Editions Perrin,2006.<br />
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註9:朱立倫:被殖民不該感謝統治者 http://ppt.cc/Yw7nR<br />
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(感謝本文由J提供部份概念)<br />
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本文原刊載於台教會《極光 希望》「歐羅巴vs歐羅肥」專欄:<br />
http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/47244995.html超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-72646194501377326912015-06-09T04:45:00.000-07:002018-08-31T09:05:13.226-07:00因為文明的限制,所以必須廢止死刑(by 格瓦推)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一般而言,有兩種理論可以解釋刑罰的正當性基礎:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.應報刑論</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">刑罰的意義在於對犯罪的應報。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.目的刑論</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">刑罰的意義在於對犯罪的預防。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使因為死刑可能的嚇阻效果而支持死刑,也不應將預防理論與重刑思想劃上等號。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">刑罰的嚇阻力,必須限定在應報刑論所揭櫫的「罪刑均衡」範圍內才有正當性,不能因遏止犯罪的目的,而讓行為人受到超過其責任程度的刑罰。</span><span lang="FR">[1]</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果認為死刑具有遏止相類犯罪(指殺人,因為在</span><span lang="FR">2002</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年以後,台灣便不曾有未侵害生命法益而被宣判死刑的案例</span><span lang="FR">[2]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的效果,而支持這個刑種的存在,亦必須受限於「殺人償命」的罪刑均衡想像,也就是應報刑論的同態報復法則(</span><span lang="FR">lex talionis</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「殺人償命」的同態報復觀屬於絕對應報刑論:犯罪是對他人自由權利的否定,刑罰則是「對這種否定的否定」</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有罪必罰(對犯罪行為的定罪),罰稱其罪(量刑),刑罰本身即是目的。但是從現代法學的立場出發,刑罰正當化的基礎,並非有罪必罰的絕對主義,而是相對應報刑論:折衷了以罪刑均衡為內涵的應報論與強調預防的目的論。<b>而所謂罪刑均衡,與其說是著眼於「刑罰必須從重以符其罪」,不如說是「刑罰以符其罪為上限」的限制作用。</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同態報復只是為了達到罪刑均衡的手段(之一),罪刑均衡才是刑罰正當性的基礎;又,罪刑均衡是限定刑罰範圍的手段,所以不能據罪刑均衡原則而推論同態報復的正當性。若將殺人償命視為罪刑均衡之必然(既然主張罪刑均衡,就必須支持殺人償命),或援引罪刑均衡作為殺人償命的理據,則誤解了相對應報刑論。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">素樸的、以復仇為本質的同態報復已被現代國家所揚棄。以牙還牙、以眼還眼不只非文明,更根本的問題是,往往無法體現罪與刑的相適應原則,例如:對毀謗者還以毀謗、對偷竊者還以偷竊、對強盜者還以強盜、對致人傷殘者還以傷殘、對性侵害者還以性侵</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。所以即使是絕對應報刑論的康德(</span><span lang="FR">Kant</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),亦主張以<b>類比</b>的方式(金錢賠償、拘禁、勞役)來否定犯罪。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是謀殺罪呢?殺人償命的觀點,就是認為生命無法類比,所以只能同態報復</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以生命報償生命。但是,既然主張「殺人償命才能滿足罪刑均衡」,則意味著已同意刑罰的正當性基礎在於罪刑均衡的原則。根據前述,更精確的說法是:刑罰的正當性不能逾越罪刑均衡原則所限定的範疇。那麼我們就必須進一步探索:何謂犯罪?何謂刑罰?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">犯罪是對人與人組成社會</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家之契約的破壞。刑罰則是對違約行為的否定,也是為了維護契約的有效而運作。但是,什麼樣的刑罰(刑種與量刑程度)才是合理的?是由誰決定的?<b>刑罰必須依契約而存在,不可逾越契約的限度</b>。將謀殺罪付諸死刑是否能達成罪刑均衡?必須回歸契約邏輯以予檢視。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>貳、契約邏輯</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以社會契約論的觀點,現代民主法治國家,是由人民授權成立政府,國家的權力來自人民經由契約而讓渡的個人自由。如貝加利亞(</span><span lang="FR">Beccaria</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在《論犯罪與刑罰》所推論:自然人為了共同的福祉、為了避免長期處於鬥爭狀態,於是結合起來,並讓渡出部分個人自由,以形成法律與國家主權。霍布斯(</span><span lang="FR">Hobbes</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在《利維坦》則從對死亡的恐懼論證政治共同體存在的理由:人為了解決人與人相互為戰的自然狀態(隨時充滿危機),將本屬於自己的自然權讓渡一部份給國家,由國家來保護國民的生命。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">依據契約論,國家的權力限度,取決於人民授權(亦即讓渡個人自由與權利)的程度。貝加利亞與霍布斯都主張自然人只讓渡了部分自由與權利,貝加利亞甚至說:「人們只願捐輸出為了令其他的人同意其能任意地處置所剩下的部分所必須要交出之最少限度的自由。」</span><span lang="FR">[3]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">既然只是讓渡「部分」個人自由與權利,而非全部,即表示生命權並無讓渡。更進一步,依締約邏輯而論,締約的終極關懷在於生存需求,締約者豈能將生命權讓渡?同意國家有權剝奪自己的生命?<b>生命權既然並無讓渡也不可能讓渡,死刑則不能被視為一種刑罰</b>,而是國家的越權:「死刑是國家對於一位國民,判斷將他消滅掉乃有所必要或有用時,所為之宣戰」。</span><span lang="FR">[4]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是盧梭(</span><span lang="FR">Rousseau</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與洛克(</span><span lang="FR">Locke</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)亦依據契約論,卻論證死刑的正當性。盧梭認為締約者為了避免被殺害,所以同意自己破壞契約時要付出生命代價。同時,他對重大犯罪的態度是「與其說是把他當作公民,不如說是把他當作敵人」,故可處死。這一點與洛克相似。洛克並非主張人透過契約將「一切」(包括生命權)都讓渡給國家權力,但是他將施暴者與謀殺者視為對人類的宣戰,基於防衛本能,故可將之當作野獸般抹殺。</span><span lang="FR">[5]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為契約論所以死刑無正當性?因為契約論所以死刑具正當性?哪一種推論較合理?如果我們將契約論的精神朝著當代主權在民的觀念演繹,國民作為締約者,國家</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府作為「保障締約者的功能性存在」,以「主</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從」的概念理解「國民</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府」,則豈有主體將生命權讓渡與工具之理?這並非指盧梭的論證不合理,而是貝加利亞的主張更適宜現代民主國家。即使生命權在契約邏輯中可以讓渡,但這個讓渡所意味的國家</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府與國民關係,置諸當代民主體制,就顯得突兀了。「生命權不應也不可能讓渡」的契約邏輯,不只與民主價值契合,同時也標誌著人權的核心(生存)不應被集體主義壓迫。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">直接從契約論的邏輯思考死刑存廢,我們可以主張:<b>自然人經契約讓渡出部分個人自由以形成國家權力,並不包括生命權;因為國家刑罰的權力,不可逾越自然人所讓渡,所以死刑並非自然人授權的刑罰,而是國家權力的越界</b>。回顧「殺人償命」的應報刑論,殺人與死刑是否符合罪刑均衡的原則?重點已不在以命抵命是否對價,而在生命刑既然不可能合乎契約精神所以無正當性,罪刑均衡的基礎則不存在。所以,應以什麼程度的刑罰相稱謀殺之罪?同態報復已經被否決,我們唯有從文明的類比原則,並兼顧應報刑論(罪刑均衡)與目的刑論(預防犯罪、教化矯正),依個案判處徒刑至終身監禁不等。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: small;"><a href="http://ppt.cc/J1nOD" target="_blank">圖片來源</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>參、拒絕獻祭</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當代刑罰理論的多數見解,主張刑罰應兼具公正報應罪行與其他功利性目的,如:預防犯罪、教化矯正</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。目的刑論讓刑罰不再只是「對犯罪的否定」,而兼具預防犯罪與教育的功能,這是朝著人道化與人性化的轉向。但功利性目的必須受到罪刑均衡的限制,如前文所提:「不能因抑止犯罪的目的而讓行為人受到超過其責任程度的刑罰」,例如亂世用重典。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">刑罰之所以能預防犯罪,在於該刑罰是以罪刑均衡的量度存在,而不應是表演式地施刑。刑罰的存在可以有社會意義,但對受刑人而言,自身的受刑不是為了社會意義,刑罰不能以消費受刑人、工具化受刑人的方式攫取諸如殺雞儆猴、平息民憤等效用,否則就是「獻祭」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣曾維持四年無執行死刑的紀錄(</span><span lang="FR">2006-2009</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),馬政府卻在這六年間槍決了</span><span lang="FR">32</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人。死刑已是不合理的存在,國民黨政府令人髮指之處,在於歷次執行死刑,都在聲望重挫之際,「以死囚的鮮血作為召喚聲望的祭品」,</span><span lang="FR">[6]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這已經是反人性,比死刑野蠻百倍!</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持死刑或反對廢除死刑者,相當程度是因為殺人償命的應報邏輯,即使與本文立場相左,但亦有其堅持的正義,以及對生命的尊重:因為生命無法類比,故無法以自由刑報償謀殺之罪,所以「殺人者死」。但馬政府以死刑為獻祭儀式,徹底褻瀆了刑罰的正義</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不論是廢死的正義或死刑的正義。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有反對廢死的台灣人,想想你們反對廢死的理由,你們絕不是將人命當政治祭品的反人道主義者。馬政府對死刑的回應與執行,對「死刑的正義」是極大的侮辱。你們應拒絕成為馬政府的政治提款機、拒絕被操作、拒絕被愚弄。死刑存廢之辯,是以「生命價值」為核心的共識過程,請一同拒絕馬政府將生命工具化。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">圖片來源:THK臉書專頁(<a href="http://ppt.cc/FpFyL" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>肆、結語</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們有沒有可能暫離個案而進行稍微抽象的思考?</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">死刑存廢是刑種存廢的問題,不是哪個人多可惡、該不該判死刑的問題。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文主張死刑這個刑種必須被廢止,並非無視罪與刑的均衡原則,而是基於文明的限制與責任:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)對同態報復刑罰邏輯的限制</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文明的律法是以類比的方式來否定犯罪。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)對國家權力的限制</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自然人經契約讓渡出部分個人自由以形成國家權力,並不包括生命權。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">廢除死刑,是為了維護生命的尊嚴。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【註腳】</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[1]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">謝煜偉〈重新檢視死刑的應報意義〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/u4BfR" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[2]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王兆鵬〈台灣死刑實證研究〉</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[3]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貝加利亞《論犯罪與刑罰》,李茂生譯(<a href="http://ppt.cc/znekr" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[4]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同上。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[5]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">謝煜偉〈重新檢視死刑的應報意義〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/u4BfR" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[6]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈馬政府執行死刑轉移焦點大事記〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">廢除死刑推動聯盟)(<a href="http://ppt.cc/krSBO" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【延伸閱讀】</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">◎〈國家的權力限度</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論死刑存廢〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格瓦推)(<a href="http://ppt.cc/Siey" target="_blank">連結</a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">◎〈都是因為恐懼</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於死刑存廢之間</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月出)(<a href="http://ppt.cc/t9hw" target="_blank">連結</a>)</span></div>
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本文首刊於2015/6/9《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/44584067.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-70404354373876297002015-04-21T04:15:00.000-07:002015-06-12T04:18:56.608-07:00性別的除罪,性的除魅(by 格瓦推)<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>壹、性別平權</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「冰島一名</span><span lang="FR">17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲少女</span><span lang="FR"> Adda Smaradottir </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了對抗</span><span lang="FR">facebook</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的審議機制,所以上傳了一張上空照,結果遭到網路霸凌,照片被強迫下架,引來其他年輕人,不分男女的聲援。他們上傳自己的上空照,並標籤</span>
<span lang="FR"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/freethenipple?source=feed_text&story_id=10153714872417802"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#</span>FreeTheNipple</a> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">來表達性別平等的意願。」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴隨著對</span><span lang="FR">Free the
Nipple</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(解放乳頭)的參與、聲援與討論,呈現在台灣社會的是:運動所抗爭的對象,不只是言論(含圖像)審查機制,更指向「性別歧視」與「性禁忌」</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這才是促成「男性乳頭可以展示,女性乳頭必須下架」的原兇。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「男性可以公開上空,女性為何不可?」這是奠基於「身體自主」而爭取的平權。因性別差異而造成制度上與道德上對身體自主的限度差異時,確實是一種性別歧視。就如裸露身體的行為,男性可見容於制度與道德的程度,明顯寬於女性;女性上空之罪,罪在性別。此性別原罪,體現在父權體系的性別二元中,女性作為他者,被賦予的各種想像與戒律,如中國古訓:女慕貞潔。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">必須注意的是,「解放乳頭」所關懷者,在於爭取身體自主的性別平權,「自主」是其中關鍵。這個運動不能簡化為對「男性可以女性卻不可以」的叛逆,亦毋須疑慮於「強化了女體的被物化」(白話翻譯:爽到了一群父權異男)的指控,她們是為了奪回主體而反抗。至於某些觀者等而下之地品頭論乳、恣意猥褻,只是以其無知反襯出這個運動的價值與參與者的可敬而已。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>貳、性議題的除魅</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">需要爭取性別平權的場域極多,確實並非皆與性議題必然相涉;但是乳頭的可露與不可露,其間的性別歧視則與性禁忌交織,不可不察。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以台灣為例,為何身體自主權的性別差異,不是反應在手、腳、頸、腹</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等部位的可露與不可露,而在乳頭?在簡約回答「因為女性乳頭具有性象徵,性是禁忌的,所以被禁止裸露」之後,我們不妨追問一個問題:女性乳頭已經壟斷了身體的性指涉能力?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身體的哪些部位具有</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可具有性指涉,取決於社會建構、被感知的方式、感知者的殊異,故動態而多元。如果說詮釋是文本與讀者的對話,</span><span lang="FR">[1]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每個詮釋事件都可生成獨特的理解,那麼,女性乳頭如何獨佔慾望來源之名?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">既然各種身體的所有部位皆可能作為性慾對象,禁與不禁,則取決於社會(含制度與道德)的禁忌尺度,當然,還包括對性指涉強度的主流判準(如外生殖器的性慾象徵高於耳垂)。所以在當代台灣,唇、肩、股溝、腿,不論性別皆被允許示眾;外生殖器則不論性別,皆須強制隱匿。先不論禁與不禁的合理與否,上述身體部位的遭遇皆無性別差異;唯一受到性別歧視者,是生理女性的乳頭。在禁與不禁的差別中,我們看到了不分性別的性禁忌紅線,所以男性生殖器亦同於女性遭禁;也看到了女性的性慾望被壓抑,因為男性的乳頭已被相當程度地去性化而得以解放。「女性的乳頭必須被藏匿」,性別歧視與性禁忌的交織是如此醒目。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女性上空權的爭取,並非「女性可以如男性」的素樸等同,因為這暗示著:女性的乳頭或許可經由去性化的社會建構(如同男性)而解放。性別的平權,不能犧牲了身體的自主,乳頭若因為被去性而解禁,看似平等了,但沒有自由(指涉性的自由)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這並非主張「(乳頭)非性不可」,而是反對強制剝奪身體任何部位可以具有的性意涵。性必須被除魅,身體不須被去性化,對性禁忌的紅線發動鬥爭,讓乳頭不用割捨性意義而得以展示,性別平權地展示</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身體自主才是這場抗爭的終極關懷。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相對於性的被污名化與被不可說,性除魅或性解放之務,並非讓性淨化、美化、聖化方成為可說,而就只是讓性正常化與成為可說罷了。性存在於生命與身體並不是問題,被禁忌化才是問題。與性有關的倫理揀擇,在於性的方式,而非性的存在。讓性成為正常與可說是除魅的關鍵,然後要不要說(呈現)?想怎麼說(呈現)?依然是我的身體我作主。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>參、詮釋的倫理</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基於身體自主,開放了裸的權利,並非關閉了不裸的權利,我可以決定要裸或不裸。相同的,我有權利以去性的方式展示我的身體,亦有權利讓我的身體展示充斥情慾;當然「作者」的「創作意圖」不會只有性與去性二選一,這裡要強調的是:每個人都有權利賦予自己的身體各種意義,並嘗試讓這些意義被看到。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是他人如何理解我的身體或我所展露的身體?讀者的理解是否讓作者滿意?詮釋的事件,畢竟是由文本(我所展露的身體)與讀者(凝視我身體的人)所主導,作者(展露身體的我)必須接受其權威性在文本誕生後即消退的事實。作者無權強奪或否定讀者的感受,這也是對讀者身體自主的尊重。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讀者該被檢視之處在於,是否因為性禁忌小警總鈴聲大響,所以看到裸照即制式地填上標準答案:「好美、好藝術,一點都不色情。」慾望無罪,去性的讀後感是否符應作者意圖根本不重要,必須警覺的是性禁忌的道德規範,是否仍在持續扭曲人性?不過,無論讀者如何表達「與作品共鳴的性慾」是否都應被尊重或接受?關鍵不在被點燃的性慾,而在其慾望的生成與表達,是否充滿壓迫性的父權色彩,例如:人身攻擊、物化、歧視。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>肆、結語</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女性上空照一次次被臉書下架、部分媒體遮點後扭曲的報導,在在顯示了父權結構下性別歧視與性禁忌的堅固勢大</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以保守之名,挾資源優勢,剝奪弱者基本的身體主權。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">言論(含圖片)審查機制並非禁錮無內容之言論,「解放乳頭」所爭取的亦非無內容之言論自由。這場言論自由戰爭的真相,是反父權</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">父權、性別平權</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別歧視、性除魅</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性禁忌,戰場則是縛住「身體自主」的枷鎖。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣的父權結構,不只由政治力打造,亦紮根於更具宰制力的儒家價值,性別運動一直都是在艱鉅中前行。不論</span><span lang="FR">Free the Nipple</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的前景如何,我們都應為此役的參與者喝采,尤其是可敬的行動者與深耕多年的研究者,台灣社會能因此進步的,不只是性別正義,更是整體文明。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">[1]</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此謂「視域融合」(</span><span lang="FR">Horizontverschmelzung</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">):「在詮釋學經驗裡,我進入了與傳承文本的歷史性相關連的我自己的歷史性之中。文本是從它的意義、前見和問題的視域出發講話,我們也同樣是從我們的前見和視域出發理解。通過詮釋學經驗,文本和我們的視域(意義活動空間、問題域、世界)相互被聯繫起來。這種關係使我有可能向自己提出文本的問題並把對它的回答做為文本的意義加以理解。」(洪漢鼎《詮釋學史》,</span><span lang="FR">2002</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,台北:桂冠,頁</span><span lang="FR">224</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本文首刊於2015/4/21《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/44121866.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-56898107870955403462015-03-03T04:30:00.000-08:002015-06-12T04:31:16.444-07:00出關播種逾十月(by 格瓦推)<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: small;"><a href="http://ppt.cc/ZDSj" target="_blank">圖片來源</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>壹、前言</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">去年三、四月間的太陽花運動,其過程舉世矚目</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">佔領國會的驚天一擊具準革命架勢,行政院前黨國爪牙的暴行更激起國際聲浪千堆雪。雖然運動的直接結果並非與其架勢相符:總統下台或流亡、內閣總辭、國會改選(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),運動訴求更被黑箱到連「拒絕台中服貿」都失守,弱化為「監督條例」與「逐條審查」的程序問題;但三週以來全民的高度傳播、感染與各種形式的投入,台灣社會已因此而積蓄了龐大且目標明確的政治能量:國民黨不倒,台灣不會好。這股力量不是特定權力機制的禁臠,「何謂太陽花」的詮釋權似乎依附於媒體能量的大小,不過支持者心中皆有一朵自己的太陽花,既見之於對佔領國會的自主相挺,更見之於出關播種</span><span lang="FR">——2014</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年底國民黨的大敗,就是第一次收成。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>貳、收穫還是收割?</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">爭程序正義、反新自由主義(</span><span lang="FR">Neoliberalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、反中國併吞(國共合謀),三者共構了抗爭的正當性。反</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陣營在太陽花之後的選戰大勝,是收穫還是收割?這取決於如何解讀太陽花運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果將太陽花詮釋為一場乾淨的、去政治的公民運動:去統獨(</span><span lang="FR">ex.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太陽花不是反中國)又去藍綠(</span><span lang="FR">ex.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太陽花不是反國民黨),僅是一場爭程序正義(反黑箱)、反新自由主義的「進步」訴求,當然會認為民進黨與柯文哲的大勝,是收割了太陽花的耕耘。隱藏在這種認知之下的,除了不忿於「去政治」的失陷,未嘗不帶有「太陽花屬於進步公民</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進步社運圈」的私有化心態。(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">將太陽花去統獨又去藍綠的詮釋,既非該運動正當性之應然,亦非成其勢之實然。在應然層面,半分鐘鬧劇踐踏民主程序,固然是佔領國會的引線;反新自由主義的左翼訴求亦有助於戳破拼經濟的謊言,協同完備了反服貿的說帖。但黑箱是誰所為?是國民黨所為,而且是國民黨因中國因素而為;服貿所必然導致的資本壓迫脈絡何處?是中國,是與國共同路的台中權貴。所以在論述「為何用佔領國會的手段反服貿」時,若只著眼於黑箱與自由貿易之弊,並將黑箱與國民黨脫鉤(無涉藍綠),將資本壓迫與中國脫鉤(無涉統獨),則為見識不明或心態可議。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在實然層面,太陽花之所以能成全台相挺之勢,主因於國人對「國民黨</span><span lang="FR">+</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國」的不信賴與憤怒。台中服貿協議的真相,就是國共合謀讓中國藉由產業與人口結構而更全面細緻地掌握台灣。這是一扇將台灣的未來不可逆地指向香港、圖博、東土的地獄之門,我們將失去主權、文明、文化、財富與民生安全。議場能撐三週,除了場外的包圍助陣,更得益於舉國的輿論與各種形式的支援(豈止</span><span lang="FR">50</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人?)。如果密謀協議的不是認同中國的國民黨與從不掩飾併台野心的中國,如果國民黨所要強渡關山的不是對中國大開金流之門,如果中國資本大舉入侵無涉統獨,信仰「和理非非」的台灣社會,豈會對佔領國會的激進手段高度相挺?是故反中與反</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,才是太陽花得以成其勢的最大動力;就多數人而言,太陽花的本質,就是一場對統獨與藍綠的表態與抉擇。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若能正視服貿的黑箱與資本壓迫中的「國民黨</span><span lang="FR">+</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國」因素,並承認反</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反中是太陽花主力,則毋須不甘於太陽花所鼓舞與積聚的力量,在出關數月之後,具體展現為親中國民黨在選戰大敗,以及相對位置的泛綠大勝。太陽花既然成勢於反</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與反中的動員,而選舉受太陽花影響,國民黨及其親中路線的重挫,不正是因果相符、吻合太陽花的政治屬性嗎?君不見連勝文之敗,「連家與北京的關係」簡直是超級催票器。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太陽花是一場屬於每一位支持者的公民運動,內建反</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的台獨主張是太陽花的最大動能。對於「因為台獨而支持太陽花」的多數人而言,在政治代理人的選擇中,「因為台獨而倒</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,藍消綠長的大勝豈不能以收穫視之?若要追究民進黨與柯文哲的勝選是否收割了太陽花,那也應究其台獨的誠意與作為來判斷,豈勞將太陽花去統獨藍綠的清流們過問?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出關播種後的第一場選戰,泛綠的勝選即使是收割,也不是收割了迴避統獨藍綠的太陽花,而是收割了反中反</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的太陽花。哪一種太陽花可以有</span><span lang="FR">50</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人甚至全台相挺的能量?可以讓國民黨的支持者噤聲在「國民黨不倒,台灣不會好」的全民運動中?那些試圖以「程序即正義」、「見左不見獨」綁架太陽花的清流們,若侈言被收割,會不會太超過啊?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>參、國族主義的層次</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">究其主力,太陽花是一場以反</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為必要條件的台獨運動。當台灣認同的動員作為太陽花最重要的元素,是否拉低了運動的層次?讓上述清流們有理由恨鐵不成鋼?除了念茲在茲地將運動去統獨又去藍綠,試圖聚焦於法案的程序問題;從去年反服貿以來,還有一種態度至今仍存在知識界:反服貿不能只停留在國族主義層次,還必須提升到對新自由主義的批判。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先應釐清:在反服貿的脈絡下,國族主義關懷與守護民主機制、反對資本壓迫並不衝突。依公民國族主義的精神,共同體的凝聚必須透過一次次的民主程序而成就(共同完成大事件,並願未來能再一起完成),所以反黑箱護民主有助於台灣認同的深化;為對抗中國資本的壓迫,訴諸左派的保護主義以守護台灣的文明、文化與產業,左與獨可以完美地結合。(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其次,如前文所言,服貿的程序黑箱與資本壓迫,不能與中國併台意圖脫鉤;太陽花的抗爭,則緣於守護台灣(疆界、自由、生活方式)的渴望,即使是以反黑箱、反資本壓迫之名,依然是一種國族主義關懷</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣(獨)與中國(統)的抉擇。試問,若無視生命共同體之疆界及其維繫,所守護的民主政治與社會制度是什麼?如何可能?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第三,太陽花作為一場拒絕中國併吞的國族主義運動,不只與守護民主機制、反對資本壓迫不相乖違,也不只讓後二者不流於空中樓閣,其本身「反帝反殖」的性質,就高顯了運動的價值。佔領國會,因此成義</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此即國族主義的層次。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回顧反台中服貿的戰場,爭民主程序、反新自由主義之謂,若刻意排除或貶抑「反中國併吞」,則不只是將反黑箱與反資本壓迫的訴求去脈絡,更扭曲了運動的本質、降地了運動的高度、漠視了主要動員力量,這才是收割。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太陽花是屬於每一位支持者的公民運動,對於因反中反</span><span lang="FR">K</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而相挺的廣大群眾而言,親中勢力的每一次敗選,都是出關播種的收成。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若稱兩大黨之外為第三勢力,則太陽花是第三勢力;若以不涉統獨為第三勢力,則太陽花非第三勢力。第三勢力們對太陽切莫表錯情啊!台獨集結了太陽花,太陽花擴大了台獨,此即「流淚撒種」與「歡呼收穫」關係的正解。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回首出關,已逾十月,「國民黨不倒,台灣不會好」成為全民共識,並落實於選戰,是最具成效的播種。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文首刊於2015/3/3《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/40625367.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-49478853344208866312014-12-29T03:55:00.000-08:002015-06-12T04:04:54.739-07:00讓我們重新補課——在陳為廷退選之後(by 格瓦推)<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">壹、成也道德,敗也道德</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">諸神的黃昏</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與一般名人犯罪不同,學運神話充斥道德性,所以性犯罪的曝光,道德力量必然反噬。更進一步剖析,學運的道德神話,還得利於「幼體化」的操作(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。學運與社會是供需兩造,共構學運份子的乾淨純真幼體形象,如今學生符號以刺痛彼此的方式轉大人,社會因為對道德政治的過度需求而意淫學運青年的純潔,也被用無情的方式剝掉國王的新衣。意淫中的幼體以不道德的方式失貞,原本的包容、溺愛有多深,憤怒就有多深。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">神話破碎的猝然,似乎是自曝之必然;但道德反噬的力量之所以撲天蓋地,遠超精密的政治計算所能預期,同享進步光環的諸神大量的失格護航,才是助長怒火燎原的風勢。成也道德,敗也道德,享受越豐厚的道德香火,就必須付出越高的道德代價。太陽花諸神的黃昏,不只因陳為廷個人的失德(不是私德),更因道德群組「嚴以律人,寬以待己」的雙重標準。黨同與鄉愿,赤裸裸地展現在對「政治損害控管」的躁進,同時無知所以無畏地公開蔑視「性騷擾」通常帶有的強迫性(侵犯身體自主)與歧視性(父權對女性的壓迫),挑釁公共輿論的智能與寬容底線。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為要參與一個多月後的選舉,自曝的操作,是在逼迫整個社會於短時間內表態,諸神的道德轉彎則是對社會進行一種弔詭的道德示範。祂們的過度自信,體現在自曝時機的判斷與道德標準的落差。於是一場豪賭,目前以「諸神現形記」作結,在集體傷痛中,台灣社會暫時揮別道德神話。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對一個公民性(</span><span lang="FR">citoyenneté</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)成熟的社會而言,道德神話不該存於政治領域。不論諸神的生成是否有其必要,都標誌著民主的不幸;諸神必須走向毀滅,這只是祂們釋放每一個社會分子被綁架的自我而已。雖然不應冀望諸神願意主動下架,但祂們若多一絲走下神壇的誠意,告別神話的代價就不會如此巨大。諸神退位了,在棧戀中倉惶辭廟,沒有風範與優雅,只有現形後的不堪。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們沒有等到社會的成熟而無痛告別諸神,讓祂們在神權高峰卻驟然殞落的,是熟悉的道德風暴。雖然亦諷刺亦公道,但台灣的下一步,在神壇真空之後,我們是走向公民性更趨成熟的民主轉型?還是以更高的道德標準等待新神的降臨?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>貳、道德論事</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span lang="FR">Morality</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是指有關行為的所有規則或戒律,這些規則立基於區別正義與不正義的基本價值,所以道德本不限於人格修養。」(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)但儒家文化圈的道德論事,則以人格修養的角度將公共事物泛道德化:「修身為本」,強調修己而後能安百姓;「德治」,強調修身在公共場域的優位,尤其是政治權力的託付。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當道德論事主宰公共輿論,社會的苦難將被指向犯錯者</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">權力者的道德問題,「公民」諷刺地成為道德重整會員,對政治的介入淪為道德糾察,不論公德與私德。吾人不反對「人格者從政」,但應警戒「期待人格者」與「期待人治」的距離是如此接近。對道德政治過度渴望,會致使道德訓誡暴力地排擠「練習運用理性,以了解這個複雜世界的經濟、社會、文化、倫理各面向的挑戰與取捨」(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的公民訓練,結構與制度的問題將淹沒於人治的溫床。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">諸神的殞落不是因為集體失德,而是集體挑戰「道德政治</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人格政治」。這不是讚譽諸神的勇氣與犧牲。事實上,神格基礎充斥道德投射的諸神(祂們或許不自願不主動積聚道德香火,但仍享受了因此產生的權力),幾乎沒有條件挑戰道德政治。更何況,祂們的挑戰,不是為了讓台灣揮別道德神話,而是為了維護自身權威。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如同中國政權的更迭,唯一千秋萬世者是儒教,這是君權都必須膜拜的唯一真神,中國的政治與社會終究在儒教的規範中運行。我們所面臨的道德政治亦然。在諸神起滅的變化中,高舉仲裁之刃的,是儒式的、歷史性的、社會共構的「道德論事」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">神壇的暫時真空並非道德政治的退位,相反的,這是道德政治向國人宣告其不容挑戰。在這場賜死諸神的大戲中,道德巨獸不只再次強化了人格修養在公共事物的優位性,並擴張道德輿論的權力、拉高道德輿論的底線。台灣欲走向知識科學化、政治民主化、思想自由化的現代性社會,而不是保守的道德專制,首先必須對泛道德化的現象有所警覺,並對被道德洪流遮掩的問題結構(如父權中心對女性的歧視)有所洞察。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">圖說:「身若不修,則家必不齊、國必不治、天下必不平」,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是儒家泛道德化的基本模態。</span>(<a href="http://ppt.cc/7-5X" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">圖片出處</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>參、道德的限度,或道德的操作限度</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不論將</span><span lang="FR">morality</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指向「對正義的追求」(西方)或「人格修養」(儒家),「道德」本身不該是被非難的字眼;該被檢討的,是這個概念如何被使用。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、告解的義務?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳為廷的自曝(告解)只能置諸「政治市場」的運作邏輯去評價。「陳為廷需要自曝」的前提,在於他有參政的準備,或想維持高號召力(所以遲早會被爆)。從結果來觀察,陳為廷及其團隊錯估了「重新取得社會信賴所需要的時間」(當然,諸隊友的護航是火上加油)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為陳為廷要爭取選票或公共信賴,才需要爭取社會對他認錯誠意的認可,否則,任何一位犯罪者都沒有義務對公眾認錯。所謂「他只是為了挽救政治生命」、「如果不是為了選舉的目的,天下有這種妨害性自主行為人向大眾告白的事嗎?」等質疑,不能推論為「沒有政治目的的認錯才是真誠的」。不被陳為廷的競選策略說服是一回事,也是公民在政治市場的權利,但切莫將自曝罪行視為道德之必要,而成為政治之義務。一個犯過罪的人,在走完法律程序後,有任何義務自曝過往於國人?認錯於天下?相信我們的社會還未瘋狂到要求每一個有案底在身的人,在法律刑責之外,必須昭告天下罪己。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二、參選的資格?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「陳為廷的參選</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳為廷的自曝</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">輿論的反對」,雖然輿論的反對是多元的,但上述關係皆應被置入政治市場的運作邏輯(陳為廷的認錯在政治市場是否有效?),而不能有道德上的歧視,或是增設「道德參選門檻」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳為廷是個連續性騷擾犯,但「需要矯治」與「需要向社會宣告:我痊癒了」兩者不能理所當然地掛勾。在政治市場中,公民有權利向候選人索要某些「讓我安心投你證明」,但「提出病癒證明」不僅不是候選人的政治義務,更非法律義務,至於得失,就交給市場決定。此外,對「陳為廷是否會再犯」的疑慮不是不能存在,但應避免「走完法律程序的罪犯仍有義務對公眾證明他不會再犯」的歧視性風險。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一種對陳為廷參選資格的否定(道德上的否定,不是法律上的否定),其邏輯為:「陳為廷有性犯罪案底→參選就不免起底→受害者會被二度傷害→所以陳為廷不該參選或應退選」,可簡化為:「有性犯罪案底者不該參選」。這是以道德之名,在政治市場主張排除機制,已經不是呼籲大家讓性犯罪者落選,而是主張不該參選,其態度接近褫奪公權。上述邏輯還有一項濫用道德之處,就是恣意為「個案」的特定受害者代言,關於這個問題,請見苗博雅〈誰的原諒或不原諒〉一文(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。另一個可能衍生出來的問題是:重視個案受害者或相似經驗受害者的意見,不能滑動為受害者才有資格評論,因為公共價值</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公共政策不該私有化,人皆可談。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、壓迫性結構的強化?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果僅以道德論事的方式介入性犯罪議題,這個涉及性別、權力、慾望交織的結構,就會扁平化為:性犯罪是惡、性犯罪者是惡、輿論必須嚴格對待性犯罪與性犯罪者、性犯罪者必須被懲處與矯治(還要被示眾?)、加強全民品格教育。但女性作為性犯罪受害者,壓迫她的往往不只是「個案加害者」,還有「父權結構」。扁平的「惡的消除」(亦即只看到個案加害者作為惡源),對改善女性被歧視的環境(父權下的他者),效果有限。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由這次的事件看到,當某些父權中心的語言或態度,輕忽性犯罪的嚴重性(不只是法律上的)與性犯罪受害者被侵權的感受,有受害經歷的人出來控訴、抗議、流淚,能協助這個社會了解事件的嚴重。同時,每個差異的被侵犯感都是真實且必須被尊重,所以不能因為某些被侵犯者不在意,就否決了某些受害者的在意。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會除了要同理受害感並重視事件外,應更進一步思考,這種被侵犯,除了身體自主權,還有性與性別的加成。尤其是性別的壓迫。某些女性會特別傷痛於被性犯罪的經驗(還是要強調,這不只是身體感),這傷痛還包括陳述的困難,都是事實,也都是父權社會壓迫所產生的事實。我們如果只同情「女性會特別傷痛」,而沒有進一步省思「會造成女性特別傷痛」的父權意識型態(在這個意識型態中,女性「應」是什麼樣的角色</span><span lang="FR">...</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),只對「女性會</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">應該特別傷痛」、「女性是受害者」理所當然,我們就沒洞察到「造成女性弱勢」的父權結構,甚至可能繼續強化了這個結構。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在這次的事件,荒謬的護航言論激怒了輿論,輿論則以道德之刃閹割了加害者,並為諸神演奏安魂曲。但是真正能讓女性奪回主體者,不該是父權的道德,也不應是儒式的道德。道德發洩完了,父權與保守的道德感滿足了,然後呢?女性這個概念繼續處於性別的他者,受父權觀點保護(=壓迫)的他者,追隨著「主人的道德」(註</span><span lang="FR">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">省思父權結構、抵抗女性在父權結構的應然角色,責任不在受害的女性或所有女性,而在社會全體;警覺父權的影響,並拒絕刻板化、他者化女性的性別位置(在父權觀點中的女性角色),並不會因此不同情「某些女性就是特別傷痛」的事實。肯認現實的傷痛,與認清父權之惡,並試圖修正這種歧視性結構,三者不相抵觸。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>肆、結語</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回到文首,道德性與幼體化共構了學運神話,廣大的動員力不來自帶著知識性的價值判斷,而是道德期待;這不過是道德政治的必然而已。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道德神話不只發生在象徵乾淨的第三勢力,亦發生或曾發生在國民兩黨。神話一次次破滅,但國人道德論事的傳統似乎無所減退?此次亦然,諸神走入黃昏,卻是道德政治的高潮。不過我仍願抱有一絲樂觀,因為「疑神」的經驗有助於除魅。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對道德神話的質疑,跨一步即是對道德政治的不信賴</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都是拒絕成為奴隸。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這一步能不能跨出去?就看我們在「陳為廷退選」之後,是否能不滿意於這個交織著「性、性別、權力、犯罪、政治、道德、人權、公私</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」的課題,被簡化為政治的進退與道德的臧否?陳為廷的退選,才是我們補課的開始。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR">Thorsten Lin</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈學生好乖,部長來給你們檢查身體〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/Ubc-" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)格瓦推〈道德論事及其土壤〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/Z-3d" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>),</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈儒學是毒品,別碰!</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在讀經班的日子〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/vdRi" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)格瓦推</span><span lang="FR">/Kaientai</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈公民的搖籃</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法國高中哲學教育觀察〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/~z8w" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)苗博雅〈誰的原諒或不原諒〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/8pCx" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「主人的道德」一詞,見尼采《道德系譜學》。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本文首刊於2014/12/29《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/36504342.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-64926944915926003362014-11-11T03:42:00.000-08:002015-06-12T03:45:03.235-07:00啟動當代的黨外運動(by 格瓦推)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdlVpTVLI2O83BudHVMNViLRT9f8K3UC3cCkKa4kk1BWQF_2o-7VARNBo3232LffOwAZROivc4g8w0Aqa5mirwD4-1G2zGcr9DCEP7ZGU1wL4oL2z6u0VMQDUP7IP-aS-4mbyAiiZC1DeG/s1600/%25E8%2587%25BA%25E7%2581%25A3%25E6%2588%2592%25E5%259A%25B4%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%2590%2584%25E7%25A8%25AE%25E7%259F%25AD%25E5%2591%25BD%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25BB%25A8%25E5%25A4%2596%25E9%259B%259C%25E8%25AA%258C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdlVpTVLI2O83BudHVMNViLRT9f8K3UC3cCkKa4kk1BWQF_2o-7VARNBo3232LffOwAZROivc4g8w0Aqa5mirwD4-1G2zGcr9DCEP7ZGU1wL4oL2z6u0VMQDUP7IP-aS-4mbyAiiZC1DeG/s320/%25E8%2587%25BA%25E7%2581%25A3%25E6%2588%2592%25E5%259A%25B4%25E6%2599%2582%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%2590%2584%25E7%25A8%25AE%25E7%259F%25AD%25E5%2591%25BD%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25BB%25A8%25E5%25A4%2596%25E9%259B%259C%25E8%25AA%258C.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ba1b2480-e758-a9aa-69c1-4be22b843406"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">圖說:台灣戒嚴時期各種短命的黨外雜誌(<a href="http://ppt.cc/Qa42" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">圖片來源</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span></span></span></td></tr>
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本文首刊於2014/11/11《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/33946174.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>壹,黨外憶當年</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關心台灣民主發展史的人,都會對推動了台灣民主化與本土化的「黨外」抱有敬意。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨外之名,蓋因戒嚴時期國民黨剝奪人民的集會與結社自由,包括組織政黨,所以黨外是指非屬國民黨、進行反獨裁統治、爭取民主、自由運動的政治組織或個人。雖然廣義來說,黨外活動可溯自</span><span lang="FR">1950</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代,但一般而言,黨外運動是指</span><span lang="FR">1970</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年左右開始,到民進黨成立之前,反對國民黨的民主運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨外運動的政治主張要者有三:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反對國民黨:雖然亦有「不屬於國民黨的政治人物即黨外」之謂,但</span><span lang="FR">70</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代以後的黨外精神,是以「國民黨的反對立場」為主流。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">爭取民主:推動人民基本權利與自主意識的解放。(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本土認同:</span><span lang="FR">70</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代開始的黨外運動,基本上是本土政治團體追求民主的運動。「因為其組合主要以本土政治與文化人物為主,所以自然流露出對台灣土地和人民的深厚情感,進而召喚來自台灣歷史與土地的本土認同,並表現在對意識型態國家機器的文化反抗上。」(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨外運動之所以成為典範,並被尊崇為「黨外精神」,則還需論及其人格氣象:勇氣、犧牲與「富貴不能淫、貧賤不能移、威武不能屈」的風骨。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">合而言之,黨外運動是以「國民黨不倒,台灣不會好」進行病理檢查,以民主與本土為大旗引領時代風潮,配合提頭造反的決心、「匹夫不可奪其志」的堅持,而能一次次啟迪民智、激發群眾熱情、影響國內外視聽,最終推動時代的變革。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>貳、黨外精神不再?</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解除黨禁、參與選舉與政黨輪替的表象並不會扼殺上述黨外精神,當代黨外精神的式微,主因於基進(</span><span lang="FR">radical</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的政治主張及其堅持大舉消退,取而代之的是保守的政治風格,也就是民進黨</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作為國民黨最有力的挑戰者</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的庸俗化與國民黨化:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民進黨逐漸迷失為國民黨的權力競爭者,而非黨國體制的革命者。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民進黨逐漸喪失了在黨外時期以理念引領風潮的雄心與能力,可徵諸三事:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)價值向國民黨位移,視台獨與轉型正義為票房毒藥,將勝選希望寄託於中國與泛藍選民的善意。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)從</span><span lang="FR">06</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年紅衫軍的道德哨音之後,民進黨與國民黨的政治對決,從「台灣</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國」、「民主</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">威權」淪為保守的道德競賽。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)將政治妥協為「選民服務業」,尤其在地方政治,視政治人物與選民成為「服務提供者」與「選票給予者」的關係,政治因此去政治化,不以體現理念與價值為要務。(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上並非指涉兩黨一樣爛,民進黨當然優於國民黨。但是「民進黨」這塊招牌,隨著以勝選為最高原則的選舉萬歲總路線,已經卸下了當年黨外帶有悲壯感、正義感、歷史感、迫切感的政治理想,「打倒國民黨」不再是「終結黨國殖民體制」的責任與託付,只是政黨輪替而已。正如新一所描述的:「過往是選舉參政運動跟民主運動互為表裡,交叉掩護,取得一定民主成效,現在則是選舉參政運動,耗盡了民主繼續深化之可能。」(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨外精神的消逝不只見諸政黨的保守化。在民主轉型未竟、殖民體制猶存之際,社會卻普遍厭煩「藍綠惡鬥」、「統獨對立」,嚮往「超越藍綠」、「擱置統獨」,這固然由於對爭民主與爭獨立的誤解,同時,這種拒絕沈重的鄉愿,其實是對政治的逃避,也證明了黨外精神的萎縮。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>參、啟動當代的黨外運動</b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨外精神標誌著堅持本土與民主的政治理想,不隨權力而腐化、不因媚俗而妥協,每個時代的政治都需要黨外精神。黨外不意味著在形式上必須排除反國民黨陣營中政治資源最富足的民進黨,如鄭南榕所言:「做一個『鷹派』的黨外,鷹派之道無他,永不屈服而已。」透過永不屈服的風骨,讓參政運動本身就是本土與民主理念的推動,才是過去以迄當代黨外的必要條件。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們毋須悲觀地認為,已經坐擁權力滋味的民進黨絕無可能重拾黨外理想與風骨,不因選舉而向中國好惡、國民黨價值、資本家利益妥協。但是,黨外非任何人的專利,被政黨、派系、樁腳、財團排擠在政治高牆之外的素人與團體,「放棄理念則無政治資本」,有更客觀的條件再啟黨外。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨外運動必須再啟,不只因為每個時代都需要黨外精神以提昇政治品質,更因為當代的台灣,在馬英九的惡治之下,民主、主權、分配正義等方面,都面臨崩壞的危機:殖民體制下的民主崩壞、中國威脅下的主權崩壞、權貴資本主義下的社會崩壞。不論民進黨是否能醒悟:「向國民黨價值(如親中)妥協無助勝選,擴大自身理念(如本土認同)的基本盤才是王道」,我們都不能依賴性地坐待救贖,而必須有自救的決斷。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過去黨外運動所處理的問題,如:鬆動國民黨統治、民主化、本土化,皆是以漸進的、分期付款的方式在進行,雖有進程但未完全解決,故國民黨未倒、民主轉型未竟、殖民霸權對本土的壓迫仍在。接棒前人,衡諸當代,我們可如是設定今日的黨外政治主張:</span><span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反對國民黨,</span><span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">爭取民主,</span><span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本土認同,</span><span lang="FR">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分配正義。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上四點只是原則,詮釋空間極大。以下舉投入年底高雄與新竹市議員選戰的《基進側翼》為例,簡釋其三支神主牌,以較激進的方式呈現當代的黨外主張:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政治民主化</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以民主防衛機制(</span><span lang="FR">wehrhafte
Demokratie / streitbare Demokratie</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)防止法西斯政黨藉民主機制毀壞民主制度,簡而言之,就是曾犯下屠殺罪行、黨國至今不分、持續殖民式的歧視性統治的中國國民黨,在經歷轉型正義之前,是違背民主憲政精神的政黨</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它不應有權參與民主遊戲。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這不是淺碟的「民主=定期改選」的台灣共識,也不僅是「公民介入公眾事物」場面話,而是紮根於台灣脈絡、以轉型正義為核心的民主化要件。一個被殖民體制宰制卻不自覺的社會、以不義觀點記憶歷史的社會、容許法西斯政黨參與選舉並獲取政權的社會,徒具選舉的民主形式,但實質仍是反民主。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主權自主化</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">面對中國,只有台灣中國一邊一國,沒有統獨抉擇,更沒有統獨公投;面對中華民國,則主張「制憲公投」、「正名公投」。同時兼顧反帝與反殖。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會自由化</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與「經濟自由化」對立,反對經濟自由主義所造成的嚴重剝削、極度分配不均與貧富差距懸殊,主張借鏡歐洲左派的精神合理分配經濟果實。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《基進側翼》的政治主張,光譜清晰定錨獨左,揚棄鄉愿與全面討好(明確站在統派、</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">派、藍營、財團的對立面)。更將理念化為具體行動:快意地焚燒國民黨黨旗、控訴國民黨殖民、高掛地獄遊記勸人莫投國民黨、拿《被背叛的台灣》砸馬英九、競選口號是「國民黨沒倒,台灣著袂好」、公開宣稱「暴民的帽子我們來戴」</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他們是以理念入政,以不妥協的姿態入政,以政治宣講作為參選的主要號召,這是久違的、能感動人心的黨外風格。(我們多久沒見過聽眾在政治宣講的場子落淚了?)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨外運動必須由一批批見識足以引領時代、有使命感、肯犧牲、不投機不妥協的志士前仆後繼,才足以成勢。不只《基進側翼》,也不論參選、街頭或辦刊物,都可以符應黨外精神。盼望經由黨外運動的重啟,推動社會大眾對政治的參與、信心與熱情,讓「新國家、新憲法」成為普遍的願景,讓「終結法西斯國民黨」成為我們這一代願意擔負的使命,讓公平正義成為共和國的義務。</span></div>
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<br />超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-85610930872604960132014-11-02T00:46:00.000-07:002015-12-21T20:16:06.510-08:00獨左——台獨作為一種左派(by 格瓦推)<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文分三期首刊於《極光電子報》,連結:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="http://ppt.cc/Ejdx" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">上篇</span></a>,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="http://ppt.cc/qYkT" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">中篇</span></a>,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/31042319.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">下篇</span></a>。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨左派,顧名思義含兩個元素:獨與左。但是豈止「左」有若干判準,「獨」亦有數種差異。故以「台獨左派」為名的過去現在諸說,雖有重疊,亦有歧出。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文不進行獨左的歷史與系譜的梳理。隨著各種社運議題的開展,考察台灣的政經脈絡,諸多社會性的陳痾,或不義的結構,黨國體制與中國因素多在其中扮演的重要角色。當越來越多的社運訴求清楚地將黨國體制與中國因素置入對抗時,「獨左」的當代性於焉產生。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然「獨」與「左」皆各有若干定義,但仍可原則性地以「反</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民、反</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞」定義獨,以「社會平權」定義左。在台灣的脈絡,理想的獨與左多數是交織的(獨</span><span lang="FR">×</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左),甚至是相互證成的,而非互不交涉的平行線,亦即:<b><span style="color: #990000;">台灣的獨立,同時是左派的平權運動(反對</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">與</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">的殖民霸權);社會的公義,多數必須以推翻黨國殖民體制為必要條件。</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當獨是以土地認同結合民主精神,左是以分配正義與保障人權為核心,台獨左派的政治主張,標誌了一種新國家的理想</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">追求一個落實國民主權、保障人權、社會平權的憲法國家。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左右(或加上中間)雖是標誌政治意識型態與政黨的普遍方式,但台灣目前的政治空間並非以左右競爭為主流;雖然兩大黨仍可因相對而勉強分屬左右,但置諸國際,台灣的政治光譜普遍偏右。這不只代表台灣的政治選項,在統獨之外趨於單一(右),亦代表台灣人在進行政治思考時,普遍缺乏左的視野,或缺乏左右對舉的較為整全的認知。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左派與右派的相對稱呼起源於</span><span lang="FR">18</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀末的法國大革命,經歷不同的時空脈絡,其辨識標準多元且複雜。即使定錨於當代,吾人亦難以提出毫無爭議的左右區分原則,例如:「社會主義是左</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資本主義是右」、「重視平等是左</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重視自由是右」、「革新進步是左</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保守威權是右」、「大政府是左</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小政府是右」</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。所有的左右之辨,皆需考察其脈絡與侷限,避免教條化與標籤化。同時,左與右雖是相對存在的政治光譜,但不宜將兩者簡化為絕對反向。亦即,當我們對左進行描述時,切莫陷入「反向即右」的本位主義。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">綜觀辨識左右的各種標準,左右的劃分,宜同時考量經濟自由(</span><span lang="FR">liberté économique / economic freedom</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)與個人自由(</span><span lang="FR">liberté individuelle / personal freedom</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)。以下借諾蘭曲線(</span><span lang="FR">Nolan Chart</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)進行簡說:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMC55vBL30SVhw5NBr-yL3GWQB0L9ZX9JQX192sOBnqTY9rxsKTPOa5bPPOnuRkUJtXRtFYAovQPdLueU5JG4wYWxMqv2m19rROQooL7alipfDLJ1MV4cGqzYKzEXIjgm2-ayGsJ5-tDo5/s1600/diagramme+de+Nolan.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMC55vBL30SVhw5NBr-yL3GWQB0L9ZX9JQX192sOBnqTY9rxsKTPOa5bPPOnuRkUJtXRtFYAovQPdLueU5JG4wYWxMqv2m19rROQooL7alipfDLJ1MV4cGqzYKzEXIjgm2-ayGsJ5-tDo5/s1600/diagramme+de+Nolan.png" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSJKxN5GjazvgS4GJlgFGIQvAFL6VzQEGiLc9hLPFyYQpBwye01Itm4GqEsQOdajgLJRWiNiiALJopweGz_Xdrb_M03TutIQ7ZdE-V0H7IVlLDQ_VMaDA7ZwpMp40AHEEHYkZVfw0gtz8/s1600/Nolan+Chart.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSJKxN5GjazvgS4GJlgFGIQvAFL6VzQEGiLc9hLPFyYQpBwye01Itm4GqEsQOdajgLJRWiNiiALJopweGz_Xdrb_M03TutIQ7ZdE-V0H7IVlLDQ_VMaDA7ZwpMp40AHEEHYkZVfw0gtz8/s1600/Nolan+Chart.png" width="200" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以左右相對而言,左派(圖示左上角象限)通常擁護較多的個人自由,並限制經濟上的自由。例如:在言論自由、性議題、信仰和其他個人自由等面向降低限制並反對壓迫;對於經濟活動則以諸如貿易壁壘、控制商業活動、環境保護法案、限制最低工資和酬勞的法規、透過稅制進行財富重配</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">等方式強化管制。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">右派(圖示右下角象限)通常擁護較多的經濟自由,並限制個人的自由。例如:不支持對於貿易、商務、財富和財產增值的限制;對於言論自由、性議題、婚姻、道德法</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">等個人自由的面向持保守立場。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以經濟自由(</span><span lang="FR">X</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">軸)與個人自由(</span><span lang="FR">Y</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">軸)構成的象限區別左右,相較之下,左派是個人自由度高,經濟自由度低;右派是經濟自由度高,個人自由度低。雖然諾蘭曲線依然存在爭議,但同時以雙軸定位左右,相較於一維圖表(</span><span lang="FR">ex</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">只以經濟自由度區分左右),更周延了左右的判準,也救濟了一維圖表的過簡,例如:個人自由與經濟自由雙低的極權主義,以及個人自由與經濟自由雙高的自由意志主義,可能無法被標誌或會被誤歸為左右。(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡述左右分別後,我們聚焦左派,可以理出一項原則:<b><span style="color: #990000;">為了「限制有力者擴張、保障無力者生存」,左派主張以公權力介入,在不同的議題進行限制或反限制。</span></b>因為處於放任狀態或公權力未觸及之地,無力者得到的往往不是自由,而是有力者更為沈重的壓迫;缺乏公權力對抗壓迫與歧視,只會成為有力者的天堂。是故左派的理想,必須藉由公權力在經濟自由與個人自由面向皆大力介入而成</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">縮限資本運作之自由以達成分配正義,捍衛個體的差異性與基本人權毋須被群體的同一性與共同利益歧視或壓迫。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是「強化公權力」並非素樸地「強化政府」。與民主機制結合,公權力是由公投、公民團體、職業團體、代議士、監督機制、行政權</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">共構,並且永無止息地處於變動狀態(國家是每日的公民投票)。擴大公權力的介入,看似是「大政府」(以政府為公權力代表),但這個「大」,是被民主機制所共構的公權力所控制,以之限制有力者、保障無力者。</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">平等(</span><span lang="FR">égalité</span></span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">)是左派的核心價值</span></b>,也是左派(不含極左</span><span lang="FR"> extrême-gauche</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)賦予共和國的義務。所以左派主張:政府必須對抗歧視(種族歧視、性別歧視</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)、政府必須讓參政(競選)資源平等、國家不能擁有死刑權、言論審查制度(</span><span lang="FR">censure</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)必須被盡可能縮限、政教必須分離(</span><span lang="FR">laïcité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)、政府必須保障勞權、政府不能放任資本利得的擴大、政府必須照顧失業者的生活品質(不是活下去就可以)、政府必須透過稅制或社會安全體系建構財富重配機制</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">。當我們以「限制有力者擴張、保障無力者生存」的平等原則理解左派的「高個人自由、低經濟自由」時,才不會將「大政府」誤解為「大怪獸」。(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨所追求者:台灣作為一個主權國家(</span><span lang="FR">État souverain</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主權(</span><span lang="FR">souveraineté</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一詞源自中世紀拉丁文</span><span lang="FR">superanus</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,初意為最高權力。當代定義可見諸</span><span lang="FR">Louis Le Fur</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">1870-1943</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">):「主權是一種以法律高等原則規範的國家特質,國家的決定只能依其自身意志,並符應於國家被要求實現的集體目的。」(註</span>3<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主權具國家性、權威性(正當性及有效統治)、權力性、獨立自主性與法律性。主權國家意味著國家依據其自身意志而自主自決(在特定領土範圍之內,能行使至高權威),此自身意志即住民自決(民族自決)(</span><span lang="FR">droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes / droit à l’autodétermination</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),且必須以法律顯示。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所謂國家的獨立自主,獨立表示國家的地位,不是附庸、被殖民地;自主即自治(</span><span lang="FR">autogouvernance</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),「國家的內部及外部的行為者承認在其領土範圍內,它有絕對的權威去強制干預任何活動。」(註</span>4<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #990000;">不論是台灣或中華民國,皆非完整的主權獨立國家</span></b>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)中華民國</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1.ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主權不被國際承認。根據《蒙特維多國家權利義務公約》,「與他國交往的能力」是國家(或國家作為國際法人)必要的四個條件之一,謂之「外部主權」。</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在國際社會並不享有獨立、自由、平等的國際地位,往往從屬於</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,或受到種種限制。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">2.ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制的中國性,造成在法律與憲政上與</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">糾纏不清,在本質上就喪失了法理獨立的條件。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看似有效統治台灣近</span><span lang="FR">70</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,亦實施分期付款式的民主,但對台灣斯土斯民而言,充其量是</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第二共和</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">仍然是以中國國族主義為核心的歧視性、拒絕在地化的殖民體制,徵如國民主權的襲奪(國號與憲法的非在地性)與認同的壓迫(架接中國史觀、邊陲化母語、貶抑本土文化)。即使不以「台灣地位未定論」來質疑</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在台灣,斯土斯民對</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認同的闕如(例如仍以「外來政權」名之),已損及內部主權的權威性(正當性)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)台灣</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民台灣的</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">尚非主權國家,何況受殖地?「台灣是個主權獨立國家」,其誤解有二:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民體制的桎梏猶在,主權國家住民自決的原則被壓抑。「一個國家對主權的訴求往往涉及它代表某個政治社群,也就是一群具有共同國族認同的人</span><span lang="FR">...</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">任何具有共同體或國族情感的一群人,他們有權利與義務決定自己是否要建立一個與他國平等的國家。」若缺乏對住民自決的絕對尊重,就是把國家存在的正當性矮化為對政治領土的劃分。(註</span>5<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不被國際承認。在</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制下,我們並未(亦不能)以台灣的名義在國際間行使主權,所以台灣從來就不是一個主權國家。相較於</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之名受中國因素的糾葛,以及</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之名不足以代表住民自決,若能以台灣之名尋求國際承認(與住民自決配套),雖仍艱辛,卻勝過</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的死路一條。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">固然非主權獨立國家,但台獨不是</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">獨,台獨所為者,絕非認同</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以助成其內部主權,亦非為</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的國際行走爭取承認,而是以住民自決的原則建立新國家,對內終結</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民體制,對外尋求國際承認</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣不是中國的一部份。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以積極面而言,台獨是建國;以對抗面而言,台獨是拒絕</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民(反殖)與</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞(反帝)。<b><span style="color: #990000;">不論是建國、反殖或反帝,台灣國族主義都是必要條件。</span></b>因為:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)欠缺國族打造(</span><span lang="FR">nation-building</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的國家打造(</span><span lang="FR">state-building</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)會導致國家失敗。(註</span>6<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)四百年來台灣國族意識的缺席,與斯土被連續六次殖民互為表裡。綜觀戰後世界殖民地獨立成功的案例,莫不以在地國族主義進行集結,以對殖民勢力抗爭。若缺乏台灣國族認同,如何意識到在地主體性被</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">壓迫</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">缺席、被剝奪、被邊陲、被他者化(政體與文化皆然)?如何可能爭取認同的位移(</span><span lang="FR">ex</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從我是中國人到我是台灣人)或認同的平權(</span><span lang="FR">ex</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國認同不再霸權,台灣認同不再被制度性歧視)(註</span>7<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)若缺乏「我是台灣人,不是中國人(含</span><span lang="FR">ROCer</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)」的國族意識,不只會因</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所內建的中國之名與史觀而利於</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併台,所謂的反</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞,亦只是因為民主與專制的選擇而已,由此衍生出「台灣人以中國民主化為己任」的荒誕也不足為奇。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣認同並非新霸權的集結,這可以是、也必須是一種公民國族主義:在地認同與民主精神的結合。(註</span>8<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)推翻</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民體制、建立新共和,可以是平權理念與民主程序的產物。(註</span>9<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)從被殖民到新共和,台獨所爭取者為:(一)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以住民自決落實國民主權,(二)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">揚棄殖民統治團隊的認同霸權,保障國族認同的在地化與平權,(三)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保護或復育危殆的台灣主體性,包含政體、文化與產業。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">簡言之,台獨是以台灣公民國族主義為核心,解</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">殖民、反</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">併吞,推動台灣作為一個主權獨立國家。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><b><span style="color: #783f04; font-size: large;">肆,獨左交織</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從左派視角看台獨運動,台獨是被壓迫者的反抗與爭取平權;從解殖視角看左派的社會關懷,黨國殖民體制不只產生了壓迫,其存在本身就是對台灣的壓迫,所以台灣社會的左派理想必然要付諸解殖才有實踐的可能。是故本文所謂的獨左,不只是獨左並舉(獨</span><span lang="FR">+</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左),更是獨左交織(獨</span><span lang="FR">×</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)解殖作為獨左交織的樞紐</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">中國殖民體制的歧視性</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民台灣之謂,並非僅著眼於法理辨析,亦非限於</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制對國民主權(國號、憲法的決定)的剝奪,我們還可就歧視性統治的事實進行理解。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><b><span style="color: #990000;">ROC</span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>在台灣的歧視性統治,約其總則:以「中華性」的親疏而劃分公民的差別待遇</b><b>。</b></span>此中華性的本質為血緣論的部族國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">ethnic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),如中國人(外省人)與台灣人(本省人)之別;但兼蓄文化的認同與同化,如中國化(外省化)與未中國化(本土)之異。在黨國殖民體制下,中華性親者貴、疏者庸、闕者鄙,以此結構「核心</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">邊陲</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">非我族類」的權力與利益階序,大致如此。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在以中國國族主義為核心的歧視性原則下,殖民者的恩庇侍從體系,並非單純的「不同政經階級間的利益交換」,而是地位(</span><span lang="FR">statut</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)政治邏輯的體現</span><span lang="FR">——</span></span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #990000;">依中華性決定地位之不等再造成經濟階級的分化。</span></b>外省權貴(勉強包含外省化的權貴)看似理所當然的政經優勢或高級感(含高階公務員與寡佔、酬庸單位的省籍比例),實奠基於中國國族主義的地位政治。(註</span>10<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制以血緣與文化認同劃分公民階序,既是歧視,也是分化族群;但揭露殖民之惡,不隱諱此歧視內建的族群與認同因素,則不應亦以分化族群名之。正視不平等之緣由,是為了讓平權成為可能,而非以其人之道還治其身。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民者擁霸權,受殖者被壓迫,這是殖民體制的本質(儘管在不同的殖民型態,霸權與壓迫的重點有異)。<b><span style="color: #990000;">從殖民看解殖,解殖標誌了雙重意義:國族自決與反抗壓迫。解殖,既是殖民地的獨立運動,亦是殖民社會的平權運動</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">既是獨,亦是左。獨與左是解殖的元素,亦在解殖的脈絡下交織。是故台灣的獨立建國,同時是對中國霸權的反抗;反抗中國殖民體制下的壓迫現象,必須訴諸台灣國族的獨立自主。</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)台灣的獨立,同時是左派的平權運動</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>就解殖而言,台獨的本質即左;就族群與認同的平權而言,台獨可以是左;就守護危殆的台灣性而言,台獨必須是左</b>。</span>分述如下:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">台獨本質即左</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">全世界的殖民地獨立運動,首先皆可視作被壓迫者的反壓迫、反剝削(至於其後是否招致另一種壓迫等可能性問題,無涉於解殖的基本定義),是國族在認同、文化、政治與經濟各方面的求生存、自主與尊嚴。反殖反帝,基本上就是「限制有力者擴張,保障無力者生存」;以無力者圖存、住民自決的原則觀之,解殖式台獨如何不是左派運動?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相對的,基於中國國族主義的統派,本質上屬於泛中華主義,即使不以親殖親帝質疑之,這種以民俗起源(</span><span lang="FR">ex</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">血緣、文化)的假設作為兼併(擴張)的原則,已經難免種族主義的色彩了。統與左難以相容,這是以左統自況者必須誠實以對的問題。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">台獨可以是左</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣國族主義的集結,是建國的必要元素。是故存在一種疑慮:台獨運動應如何避免造成新的族群、認同與文化霸權?亦即:國族主義普遍屬右,台獨如何可能是左?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先,這等疑慮根本就是歧視,是飽漢不知飢的高姿態。在無力者的生機被壓迫至奄奄一息之際,任何奮起的反抗,都應置諸弱勢自救的脈絡予以同情。更何況,</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的壓迫是制度性的,而台灣性沙文的疑慮目前只存於個人與言說,距離成為新的壓迫性制度尚差十萬八千里。兩者的虛實強弱不能類比,若不同情受迫者的憤怒,反而以進步姿態審查現在的受迫者是否已具或將具壓迫性,就好像看到一個被長久家暴的孩童,第一時間不思營救,反而憂慮該孩童成長後會複製家暴。相較於無力者是否該自我警戒莫成為新霸權,發出這種「善意疑慮」者更要小心,若對強弱兩造的臧否比例沒拿捏妥當,甚至以去脈絡的方式譴責反抗者的言行,可能就不是進步,而是壓迫者同路人。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至於國族主義的左右之判,必須考察其作用與發生的脈絡。置諸台灣,作用於反</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民與反</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞的台灣國族主義,不論是部族國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">ethnic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)或公民國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">civic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),都因屬於弱勢對抗壓迫的集結而可被視為左派(前者如原運)。即使是訴諸血緣與文化的部族國族主義,亦應知曉其光譜甚廣,極右派的納粹是一種種族主義,但光譜另一邊:甘地、反納粹的自由法國地下武裝人員、曼德拉、台灣原住民自治運動、二十世紀反帝國運動等,也都是反殖反帝的國族主義者。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">姑且順著這種善意的疑慮:台灣國族認同的倡議如何避免形成新霸權?早在史明、王育德、黃昭堂等台獨前輩的國族主義論述中,就看到這種警覺:「史明與王育德皆以地緣因素與殖民地受壓迫的共同命運,論證台灣國族之形成;黃昭堂甚至為了避免與血緣論混淆,以『那想那利斯文』(ナショナリズム)取代民族主義一辭,主張以土地與國家認同來定義台灣人。」(註</span>11<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">建國運動應該以公民國族主義的方式集結:土地認同與民主精神的結合(依住民自決而形成國家,人民不論原初,共享共構共和國的制度與價值)。這種依土地與公民意志而凝聚的國族認同,所追求的是自由與平權的共同體,所欲消弭的是戕害此共同體的霸權。在非壓迫狀態下,已存在、將存在於這塊土地的多元族群與文化,應依左派的平權、比例與扶弱原則,共蘊台灣性。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨所必要的認同轉型,亦即台灣國族主義的集結,是爭取以在地性符應國家的面貌,以打破殖民者依中華性而建構的霸權體系。是故解殖式台獨在本質上就是對抗歧視與壓迫的平權運動,而公民國族主義所標誌的民主與多元,完全可以化解「新認同霸權取代舊認同霸權」的疑慮。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">台獨必須是左</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">造成台灣性危殆的主因,是中國勢力(</span><span lang="FR">ROC+PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在政體與文化的雙重壓迫。面對強大的中國性均質化力量,台灣性的續存、復育與成長,必須依靠必要的限制、保護與特別扶助,而不是「與中國性自由競爭」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了避免階級剝削的蔓延、貧富差距的擴大,以及功利邏輯對民主、人權、環保等傷害,亦保護多元的人與土地、人與傳統的連結不被強勢的資本力量均質化,左傾立場一般會對全球化採取警戒甚至敵視的態度。同樣的道理,強化台灣與中國的疆界,確保台灣與中國的差異,不應被負面詮釋為內捲的、排外的鎖國;在相對弱勢的台灣而言,「主體性的確認,其實是在確定團結(</span><span lang="FR">solidarité</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與政治權力分享團體兩個範圍的相符」。(註</span>12<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)面對國共與跨海政商聯盟的傾銷中國、中資的強勢、「移民實邊」的殷鑑,必須以左派的保護主義守護台灣的文明、文化與產業。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,台灣性的復育,亦應持轉型正義原則,以公權力進行必要的介入,而非自由放任,因為壓迫所造成的萎縮已經存在,例如台語文的書寫承傳(註</span>13<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。台灣性要自低級地位中解放,除了意識型態解殖,還需公權力在公共支持中補正(或補償);而非天真地以為:被打成跛子的人(如台語文),只要不繼續挨打,就能與雙腿健全的人(如華文)公平競爭。所以台獨還必須是左派</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">透過公共資源的重新分配或制度性的保護以落實公平正義。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)殖民體制的公平正義如何可能?</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span lang="FR">1.ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">體制的存在就是一種不公義</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左派「低經濟自由、高個人自由」的特色源於「限制有力者、保障無力者」的平權、公義、扶弱原則,脈絡於台灣,放眼全世界,<span style="color: #990000;"><b>哪一個左派份子會是殖民體制的支持者?</b></span></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制之自身即標誌了幾項左派所不能接受的制度性歧視,例如:住民自決權的剝奪、以中華性造就獨厚殖民菁英的地位政治、認同資本分配的不公義(註</span>14<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、殖民者霸權的文化與品味階序(註</span>15<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。左派的倡議(或用其他與左相通的概念取代,如:反壓迫、反剝削、反歧視、公平正義</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),豈能包容殖民巨惡,或對解殖運動缺乏同情?在台灣的脈絡下,在殖民與反殖民的抉擇中(</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併台亦是一種殖民),左派的標誌,只能位於反殖(</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民)反帝(</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞)的陣營,不容矛盾。反殖反帝不一定是左,但親殖親帝豈能是左?若在社會議題,如勞權、同婚、社福</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倡議左派卻不反殖民,是為「察秋毫之末,而不見輿薪」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">不知其不義,正義如何談起?</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">強勢且無孔不入的文化殖民,透過屠殺、司法、教育、媒體等管道,在史觀、語言、文化各面向形塑人民的保守價值與對殖民體制的認同。(註</span>16<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在日用呼吸之間,許多受殖者逐漸殖民者化</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以殖民者的認同為認同,以殖民者的價值為價值。語言的壓迫尤其明顯。若受殖者習於以殖民者的語言為母語與書寫語言,卻不知當今社會的語言現象(包括歧視)是國家暴力所致,不認為自己其實是被強迫縫上新舌頭(註</span>17<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),如何可能同情甚至推動母語的解殖?公平正義無法落實的悲哀,不只發生在知之卻無能為之,亦發生在不知所以不為之。更諷刺的是,因為不知,所以可能會成為壓迫者同路人。左派的平權理想,不能疏離土地的記憶與脈絡,台灣社會的公義,豈能不細究皆可能發生於你我身上的殖民現象?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">國民黨不倒,台灣不會好</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國民黨與</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制休戚與共,國民黨是</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制最大的捍衛者(儘管</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已成為</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的治台傀儡),也是</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制下最大的得利者。所以由<b><span style="color: #990000;">「基進側翼」</span></b>(註</span>18<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)<b><span style="color: #990000;">唱紅的口號「國民黨不倒,台灣不會好」,終極關懷既是清算國民黨,亦是推翻</span></b></span><span style="color: #990000;"><span lang="FR"><b>ROC</b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">考察台灣的政經脈絡,</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與國民黨一體的黨國體制,在意識型態的強殖與利益網絡的建構,幾乎一網打盡台灣社會的不公義。意識型態的強殖如上述文化殖民手段;在利益網絡方面,其黨營事業和恩庇侍從體系除了確保殖民菁英的政治優勢,有違公義的利益交換還遍佈於政治、公務、媒體、工商、司法、軍警、學術、藝文、社運等所有人類活動的領域。(註</span><span lang="FR">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相較於文化殖民的不易警覺,公共領域較為顯著的不義,少有不與黨國體制掛勾者。例如:黨職併公職年資計入</span><span lang="FR">18%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;退輔會旗下的天然氣寡佔事業多由未具專業的退役將領經營;帶給高雄污染與災難的石化業與國民黨利益共棲,其中游產業幾乎被「黨資本」與黨國權貴所壟斷</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。如果公義的訴求只停留於表象,卻不深究背後的黨國結構,不對其進行政治清算,不以「正義」的價值滌清威權殘餘(註</span>20<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),不只讓治本成為奢望,甚至連治標都不可能。所以社會要公義,多數必須以推翻黨國殖民體制為前提</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這就是「國民黨不倒,台灣不會好」的真諦。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span lang="FR">4.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">殖民體制下的階級壓迫</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由生產與分配看經濟階級,是台灣左派的普遍方式。但是<span style="color: #990000;"><b>在中國殖台的脈絡下,階級的劃分不能只由經濟關係來理解,而必須由地位政治的邏輯詮釋</b>。</span>如前所述,發端於中國國族主義的地位政治,是依中華性決定地位之不等再造成經濟階級的分化。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">台灣的階級壓迫不只因為資本的過度集中,也在於這個集中是以權力作為保障;而此權力的有效與穩固,不只來自權貴資本主義所致使的資本家依附,還得力於中華性的地位政治;地位政治的權威性造成殖民地的受迫階級既不敢反抗資本家,亦信服於黨國權貴。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">台灣是個被殖民社會,經濟壓迫是以地位政治(以中華性為關鍵)為靠山。若不承認台灣是被殖民社會,自然只見經濟壓迫而不見國族壓迫,放縱壓迫之源,則平權遙遙無期。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">殖民體制的社會公義如何可能?在殖民社會中,幾乎一切與公義悖反的惡性現象,例如:反人道、壓迫、剝削、歧視、特權,都是以「殖民者優位」而延展。雖然不能簡化為「解殖即臻公義」,但殖民地不思解殖,對肇因於殖民體制的文化歧視與公民差別待遇視而不察,或刻意排除「殖民因素」(就像反媒體壟斷、反服貿若刻意排除中國因素),左派理想就只是清談或點綴罷了。所以台獨不只不與左派精神扞格,相反的,左派理念還必須透過台獨來實踐。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解殖式台獨本質即左、可以是左、必須是左,本文所名的「獨左交織(獨</span><span lang="FR">×</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左)」是以解殖為樞紐,建構「獨具左性,左依獨成」的相互證成關係。這既可作用於解殖的戰鬥,亦標誌了新共和的想像,同時,可作為與統右交織(統</span><span lang="FR">×</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">右)的國民黨對決的清晰路線。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國民黨內以中國國族主義為核心建構其恩庇侍從的利益結構,外以中國共產黨及跨海政商聯盟助成其治台優先性。其政治基石,就是中國認同的強殖(統)與權貴資本主義的綁樁(右)。台灣的國家主權、政治民主、社會平權皆在其中崩壞。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">欲挽救崩壞,台灣的政治場域,必須有團體旗幟鮮明地拉出獨左光譜。以解殖式台獨對決殖民者本位,以透過解殖而可能的分配正義促成受壓迫者清晰的階級意識。價值與路線的清楚對決,將讓鄉愿甚至流於分贓的政治現況有朝向公平正義而再造的可能。這是獨左作為理想性之外,亦具備的功能性。</span><br />
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<span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本文是為解殖而作。台灣的解殖亦如民主化,皆在分期付款的階段,雖有進度,但未完成。老國代的退場與總統的民選,不只不能代表政體解殖的完成(尚有正名制憲諸事),更幾乎無涉文化解殖。台灣依舊被中華性宰制,被以中華性為關鍵的地位政治宰制。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">解殖,是解國民黨權貴統治的殖,是解中原國家正統想像所泛生地位政治的殖。殖民體制是建立在「權力</span><span lang="FR">-</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">文化</span><span lang="FR">-</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">認同</span><span lang="FR">-</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">經濟」的叢結,而非以血緣為關鍵,任何台灣住民,不論家族是否受益於殖民體制,均有資格以被殖民者身份自居,只要您願與被殖民者站在一起,並起身反對現行的殖民體制。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">【註解】</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)如果希望以經濟自由度作為左右的標誌,而能兼顧個人自由度的差異,亦可以考慮以下分類:「自由主義左派(</span><span lang="FR">libertarian left</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)」、「自由主義右派(</span><span lang="FR">libertarian right</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)」、「專制左派(</span><span lang="FR">authoritarian left</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)」、「專制右派(</span><span lang="FR">authoritarian right</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)」。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如圖所示:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)格瓦推〈如何理解「左派主張大政府」?〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152086997488159&set=pb.595818158.-2207520000.1414912119.&type=3&src=https%3A%2F%2Ffbcdn-sphotos-f-a.akamaihd.net%2Fhphotos-ak-xpa1%2Fv%2Ft1.0-9%2F1509737_10152086997488159_2043179561_n.jpg%3Foh%3D02c8ea782816be8e80f9ab349867a452%26oe%3D54E8555F%26__gda__%3D1420487296_aa627676a580e886039218f4c1879740&size=220%2C239" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souverainet%C3%A9" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">資料來源</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)施正鋒〈國家主權獨立的政治分析〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/8p52" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)同(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),原文之「民族認同」、「民族情感」,筆者引用時改為「國族認同」、「國族情感」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)新一〈台灣「國家失敗」的探問與求解〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/OZZr" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)格瓦推〈解殖與新共和〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/~B-8" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)格瓦推〈台獨作為解殖式的公民國族主義〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/iDo~" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如同法蘭西第五共和的成立,是由公民投票支持新憲新憲而結束第四共和。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)馬赫起南〈在馬王鬥中,重看地方派系與侍從主義〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/lZXX" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)格瓦推〈這些人欠老台獨一份敬意與歉意〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/LWvm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)馬赫起南〈全球化或者是要主體性?〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/u3aK" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)壓迫台語文的書寫傳承,</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不只是抽去教育資源與公共支持,建立落差明顯的文化階序,甚至以暴力手段禁止台語文在私部門讀寫流通。當台語書寫本身就是一種危險時,台語文寫作的萎縮,勢屬必然。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳見佛國喬〈可以這樣來理解黃春明與蔣為文事件〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/gha9" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">14</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)國家機器特厚特定的國家與國族認同,使認同資本的分配違悖公平正義,或違悖比例與扶弱原則。例如黨國體制下的台灣,一國之認同資本,有九成是集中於一到三成的人口(中國認同):他們有「一中兩區」的憲法、有寫著</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(中國共和國)的護照、有與國民黨孿生的國旗、有中國忠烈祠維護他們應許的光榮、有孫文像高懸於公署、有華語金馬獎、有義務教育必修與升學公職考試必須的「國文」、有「夢想家」現象</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳見佛國喬〈當窮人被敵視時〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/u5rT" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在史觀、語言、藝文品味等面向,營造「中國中心</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣邊陲」、「中國性優</span><span lang="FR">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣性劣」的價直階序。這種優劣之判,尤見於既得利益者(</span><span lang="FR">ex</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">部分外省文人與外省化的文人)的嘴臉,例如蔣為文與黃春明的衝突事件,引出一連串污名化台語文的言論,就是照妖鏡,詳見佛國喬〈可以這樣來理解黃春明與蔣為文事件〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/gha9" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。殖民者的文化與品味階序,不只造成斯民與斯土的疏離,失憶失語、嚮往中原的台灣住民,還諷刺地在原生土地上成為移民。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">16</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)保守價值諸如:崇拜威權、拒絕現代化、對政治冷漠、習於儒家倫理、父權、歧視(</span><span lang="FR">ex</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歧視非異性戀,以天朝心態歧視原住民與「異族」);認同的馴化諸如:中國史觀的強殖、母語的邊陲化、本土文化較低級,以致斯土斯民失憶失語,自動與殖民者同化。國民黨的文化殖民,造成大量的受殖者體貼大屠殺的不得不然甚至用心良苦,徒有形式民主卻期待政治強人所可能的安定與效率,謹小慎微地以為遠離政治可保安康,敵視任何對習以為常的衝擊(如轉型正義)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)請見林利菁《我的青春我的</span><span lang="FR">FORMOSA</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">18</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/Y6yy" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">基進側翼官網</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如果我們對以下現象不滿:政治被錢權壟斷、稅制無法體現財富重配、勞權低落、因分配失衡而產生的職業或族群之間的相對剝奪感、寡佔與酬庸單位的肥貓、侵害基本人權的土徵與都更、集會遊行與言論自由的緊縮、文化資源幾乎被中國性壟斷</span><span lang="FR">......</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,究其脈絡,不與黨國體制牽連者稀矣。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)新一在一系列檢討南北氣爆的文章中批判:台灣的民主轉型,並非以滌清威權不義的「正義」價值原則,而是採市場開放的競爭原則,所以早在競爭位置中取得先機的威權殘餘,挾前期壟斷之勢,在市場開放後更加茁壯。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳見〈南北氣爆的背後:國民黨「統治惡搞」的歷史遺留(</span><span lang="FR">II</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)〉(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/7zg5" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-9508932207817258152014-09-28T03:15:00.000-07:002015-06-12T03:21:44.997-07:00香港民族,命運自決——台灣人應以同理心挺港(by 格瓦推)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">香港對中國爭取自治,並非脫離土地脈絡的、無涉民族認同的民主運動。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根據吳叡人〈關於香港民族主義的思考筆記〉一文所述,「香港市民」一詞的意義不僅指涉城市或城邦成員,同時也指涉國家公民,因為在港英統治下,已形成以香港、九龍與新界為領土邊界的準主權領土國家(</span><span lang="FR">quasi-sovereign territorial state</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的制度形式(</span><span lang="FR">70</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="FR">80</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代則是香港住民土著化與香港身分認同形成與穩定最關鍵的時期)。(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">準領土國家制度架構、公民整體的形成、社會的整合、土著化與香港認同的形成,這是香港本土共同體的基礎,而新宗主國</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的殖民統治(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),則刺激了香港民族主義的興起。(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">香港對中國爭取自治,必須放在被殖民地解壓迫的脈絡中理解,才能知道香港人要守護的是那包含資源分配、社會體制、價值觀與文化認同的記憶所繫之處。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國民族主義對香港的壓迫始終存在,「香港民族(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),命運自決」的呼聲,只是讓壓迫性的中國民族主義與防衛性的香港民族主義不用再遮掩其民族主義的身份,堂堂皇皇昭告世界:民族主義的壓迫與反壓迫才是這場抗暴的本質。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若有台灣人將「民主」抽離土地,去脈絡地聲援香港的抗暴,可以說是天真,也可以說是同理心不足;更甚者,若是刻意為之</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以爭民主之名,遮掩解殖的訴求,則其心可議。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">某些台灣人壓抑「香港認同</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國認同」存在的真相,其用意不只在香港,更在台灣。台灣拒絕</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞,不只是民主與專制的抉擇,更是以土地為疆界的認同抉擇。而所謂土地,不僅是地圖上的概念,她還維繫了記憶、價值與共體感。若因「台灣認同</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國認同」而拒絕中國,會讓某些將台灣置入華人範疇的「民主人士」焦慮不已</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們是拒絕專制的中國,而非拒絕中國。他們是泛中華主義(泛中華主義不一定歸宗</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">亦有此功能)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">挺香港自治,更挺香港獨立。台灣人挺香港抗暴,可以是基於民族自決、民主人權等普世價值,或是因為台港面對同一個帝國壓迫的同仇敵慨,但絕不應基於「華人社會共爭民主」。香港所對抗者,是中國民族主義所加諸的殖民壓迫,台人港人都應肯定「香港是香港人的香港」</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">香港的民族主義。在同理香港拒絕中國同化之際,我們也拒絕別有用心者趁機將台灣陷進華人社會的殖民框架中,尤其是「台灣應以中國民主化為己任」這種內建中國認同的謬論。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)詳見吳叡人〈關於香港民族主義的思考筆記〉(連結:</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fppt.cc%2FuzBf&h=FAQF9SgET&enc=AZPVx4GR6sIZb1oh6TIsj0oPD9YbV3zXLWDKQUu1sHDqXuaSdLcK6y4bG4GozG6L6asegdAX8YSaja5ImzFKu3fehG--0N6srw5NnfVLxz4wNh0NpOZMImWe2-Jjz0EVBM401Hjw7UTdU-tlY_VpvaIXtVRMTg6lRKtEuAzE5eT2I0UJc4pyaosuNoNofkT97L7kYkM9F5sHEBFLx33T36B2&s=1" target="_blank">http://ppt.cc/uzBf</a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如吳叡人〈關於香港民族主義的思考筆記〉一文所述:「『一國兩制』的政治承諾與基本法確實為新宗主國國家權力的入侵設下一定限制,然而強大的北京仍然得以運用多重手段對邊陲進行控制。政治上,最重要的莫過於一再阻撓港人實現普選,防止香港住民在『兩制』實施期間進一步成為一個真正有能力形成政治上集體意志的自治共同體(</span><span lang="FR">self-governing community</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。其次則是創造在地的統治代理人集團,或者殖民協力者(</span><span lang="FR">collaborators</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),作為間接統治的工具。在社會面,則試圖透過種種鼓勵內地人移居香港的政策措施達成實質上的『移民實邊』目的,逐步內地化香港人口。從比較殖民史角度而言,這是殖民主義者在移住型殖民地(</span><span lang="FR">settlement colony</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)常用的古典控制策略,例如中國領有的新疆、西藏,以及法屬阿爾及利亞。不只如此,新宗主國還計畫以區域發展之名,試圖將香港整合吸收到珠江三角洲之內,同時造成中、港人口計畫性相互移動、混合(</span><span lang="FR">planned mutual relocation and mixing of populations</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),使其徹底喪失經濟與人文地理上的獨特性。經濟上,則以新自由主義全球化之名收編香港壟斷資本階級,激化階級對立,並且創造香港對中國內地之經濟依賴結構。最後,則是透過同化主義式的意識形態控制征服香港人的靈魂。〔</span><span lang="FR">...</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〕整體而言,北京對香港實質上採取的是一種漸進但全面同化、吸收的官方民族主義(</span><span lang="FR">official nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),終極目標是將香港整合到單一國家之內,消融其固有特殊性。」</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)詳見吳叡人〈關於香港民族主義的思考筆記〉。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(註</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)香港民族應以公民民族主義(</span><span lang="FR">civic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)理解,與血緣、種族無關。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本文於2014/9/28首刊於格瓦推臉書專頁(<a href="https://www.facebook.com/guevatueituei/photos/a.1529934323888769.1073741830.1517688331780035/1529934347222100/?type=1&theater" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-36705286633622330112014-07-08T17:14:00.000-07:002018-07-29T18:31:01.399-07:00這些人欠老台獨一份敬意與歉意(by 格瓦推)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVY2XhTW59VXn6MqLhe1ZdZ48gVJcxPkb7sJ4mBgBrEzEfqtxjWK85iqa0zjUFXT23wYFP8dYDUejBDjOFjMmvZp7ne_KQf73QKkXW2f5Juf-8J2fT299tOq8__qD9NJn3tEinNgaqoGg-/s1600/%E8%80%81%E5%8F%B0%E7%8D%A8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVY2XhTW59VXn6MqLhe1ZdZ48gVJcxPkb7sJ4mBgBrEzEfqtxjWK85iqa0zjUFXT23wYFP8dYDUejBDjOFjMmvZp7ne_KQf73QKkXW2f5Juf-8J2fT299tOq8__qD9NJn3tEinNgaqoGg-/s1600/%E8%80%81%E5%8F%B0%E7%8D%A8.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">(圖說)左起史明、王育德、黃昭堂</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本文於2014/7/8首刊《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/28995326.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>壹,一份羅織罪名的文件</b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">舊世代為了過去而主張台獨,新世代為了未來而主張台獨。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">舊世代為了悲情而主張台獨,新世代為了希望而主張台獨。<span lang="FR"><br />
</span>舊世代為了民族而主張台獨,新世代為了民主而主張台獨。<span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這段怵目驚心的宣言出自《台灣獨立運動的新世代綱領》</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註1</span>)——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發表於</span><span lang="FR">1996</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,由親民進黨的年輕世代(約</span><span lang="FR">1960</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代中後期到</span><span lang="FR">1970</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代出生)所共構。雖然該《新世代綱領》在當年並未成為獨派共識,但《臺灣前途決議文》所標誌的台獨意義的轉向(從「建立新國家、制定新憲法」轉為「拒絕</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞」),以及老台獨(反</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民的建國派)所背負的莫須有污名,都不脫離《新世代綱領》的範疇。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣=中華民國」的便宜行事,在台獨聲浪看似高昂的今天,不斷鞏固殖民政權的正當性;不向</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制妥協的老台獨,至今仍被部分所謂務實台獨、新世代台獨鄙薄為充斥仇恨、煽情、排他的偏狹國族主義。種種發自「台獨」陣營的對解殖運動的否定,一言以蔽之,被殖民而不自知或被殖民體制所同化的</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位爾。《新世代綱領》固然必須被批判,但台獨的主流失格為</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位,只能說與該綱領聲氣相通,卻不能全然歸咎或歸功於斯。不過因近</span><span lang="FR">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年來,</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位對解殖式台獨的判決:囿於過去、徒具悲情、族群沙文,皆已羅織於《新世代綱領》,故引為起手。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貳,</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位的判決</span></span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">何謂老台獨?界定的標準雖莫衷一是,但可確定的是,年齡並非劃分台獨新舊世代的充分條件。以《新世代綱領》的指控為線索,老台獨可被如是定義:「以台灣國族主義為核心,主張建立新國家、制訂新憲法的解殖式台獨」。在與該綱領同聲相應的部分台獨新世代眼中,老台獨路線過時、價值低落。他們認為:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自</span><span lang="FR">1996</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年起,「台獨運動從一個在內部對抗國民黨的運動,進入新的階段,成為一個全台灣一致在外部對抗中國與國際壓力的運動。」</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註2</span>) </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以追求解殖建國、正名制憲者,必須對</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">偃兵息甲,一致對外。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老台獨耽溺於過去、悲情,並主張撕裂族群的台灣國族主義,故與「未來、希望、民主」斷裂甚至衝突。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位是決定性因素。《新世代綱領》無視甚至敵視老台獨否定</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的解殖運動,假中國威脅之機,行繳械之實,粗暴鄉愿地以「拒絕</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞」對台獨進行排他式的、跛腳式的詮釋(「反</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民」與「反</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞」從此不能兩全),這是《新世代綱領》及其從眾抹黑老台獨的心法。他們不只因</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">視角而否定解殖路線,亦因</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">視角而將台獨舊世代重視歷史、堅持正義、反抗殖民的人文精神扭曲為囿於過去、徒具悲情與族群沙文。這種反解殖的</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位、只剩下拒絕</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞的台獨,不只影響了民進黨,還透過媒體與教育散落在高喊「我是</span><span lang="FR">ooo</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我主張台灣獨立」的年輕世代。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文的工作,即在於推翻</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位對台獨舊世代與解殖式台獨的判決。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #b45f06;">參,老台獨,獨之時者也</span></b></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「反對</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民」與「反對</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞」兩全</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「獨立」的基本訴求就是主體性的建構,拒絕被殖民、被邊陲化、被他者化。所以反</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民的台獨,在面對中國的帝國野心時,當然會是反</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞的台獨;亦即,台獨是在內部對抗</span><span lang="FR">KMT-ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制的運動,同時也是在外部對抗</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞的運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解殖派的老台獨不會因為對抗</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而降低對</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的反抗,甚至,當台灣擺脫</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制(含國號)後,可以斧底抽薪地讓中國併台不具有內戰意義的曖昧空間,純粹是國際問題。所以解殖式台獨不只有對抗</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的意義,亦有對抗</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的意義;「反對</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民」與「反對</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞」不只可以並立,也應該並立。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倒是</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位者趁</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">威脅之機欲將解殖派繳械,同時昧於</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制有利於</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以「一個中國」之名併台的邏輯,兩造護台的誠意、智識的優劣,高下立判。即使有極少數</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位者因為無法接受老台獨否定</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的主張而寧願</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併台,責任豈在老台獨?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解殖式台獨所追求的是高貴的人文價值</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《新世代綱領》將老台獨與新世代所追求的價值對立:「為了過去</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了未來」、「為了悲情</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了希望」、「為了民族</span><span lang="FR">vs</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了民主」,褒貶之間,顯而易見。這類指控除了犯下「兩造必然對立」的邏輯誤謬之外,也流露出他們對「過去、悲情、民族」理解的膚淺。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">a.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對歷史的重視</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在殖民與解殖民的戰場中,歷史的詮釋與史觀的建立,是必爭之地。對歷史的認知相當程度決定了一個人如何理解世界(包括其自身處境),只有不知人文為何物者,才會輕賤吾人對歷史真相與詮釋的念茲在茲,並荒謬地將之與「發展未來」對立。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解殖運動關注台灣史的建構,並非試圖在取消中國史觀的霸權之後,以獨厚特定族群的沙文史觀代之,而是以斯土認同為主體,建構在地的歷史敘事。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在處理歷史課題之際,經歷威權統治(含大屠殺)的台灣,必定要面對歷史記憶的問題。一個有人文厚度的社會,必須以人道精神評價與保存歷史記憶。歷史記憶的正義,能阻止政治權力對人性與人文價值的持續扭曲。</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註3</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對斯土斯民缺乏歷史關懷者,充其量只是一群淺薄的經濟動物,如何可能建構一個深具人文的社會?如何可能避免悲劇再現?所以,對歷史的重視,不但標誌著解殖運動的人文關懷,亦是社會朝向文明前進的磚壘,是未來之所繫。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">b.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對正義的堅持</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被殖民的悲情從來不與獨立建國的希望對立。悲情所為何事?為國族認同被剝奪而悲、為記憶所繫之處受歧視與壓迫而悲、為歷史記憶被扭曲而悲、為轉型正義遙遙無期而悲。這種緣於正義與人道的悲情,是解殖的希望之所寄。徒有悲情固然不足以成事,但殖民苦難既然持續,缺乏悲情的獨立運動如何可能?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">置諸台灣解殖運動的脈絡,悲情並不同質於仇恨,其目的不在以牙還牙的同態報復,而在對正義的堅持:對過去的不義拒絕遺忘,對現在的不義拒絕鄉愿。為何在看似民主化的今日,悲情仍未消解?因為我們對基本正義的推動,是如此地艱辛、如此地備受質疑。鄙視此悲情的</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位者,是認同因素所致?抑或正義與人道的匱乏所致?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR">c.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對殖民的反抗</span></b><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制是無法完成土著化的歧視性體制;以中國國族主義為中心而劃分地位階序(含資源分配),是其殖民台灣的重要原則。綜觀二戰後世界殖民地獨立風潮,所有解殖成功的案例,皆以在地國族主義為旗幟向殖民勢力進行鬥爭;若缺乏以本土認同對抗殖民者認同壓迫的國族打造,國家正常化如何可能?包含政治民主化在內的國家打造,若忽略了社會團結與社會凝結(</span><span lang="FR">social cohesion</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、以及凝聚社會集體基礎的「正當性」(即國族打造)之經營,依然會導致治理失序的「國家失敗」。</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註4</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作為解殖式的台灣國族主義,其所對抗者,是殖民統治團隊的認同霸權;所爭取者,是國族認同的在地化與平權。解殖式的國族主義既然發軔於受壓迫者欲爭取平權,為何不能與民主運動相容?透過民主機制,以台灣國族主義為核心的台獨運動可以是一場平權運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣國族主義的集結,是讓解殖式台獨成為可能的必要條件。國族主義不必然導向法西斯甚至種族主義。台灣是個族群多元的社會,理想的台獨主張,必須揚棄以原初(尤其是血緣)論國族的部族國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">ethnic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),定錨於土地認同與民主精神結合的公民國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">civic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">):國家由公民主動參與,產生全民意志而取得法統,人民不論原初,共享共構共和國的制度與價值。</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註5</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使早期的台灣國族主義思想曾以血緣論證台灣與中國的民族區別,如廖文奎的「混血民族論」</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註6</span>) </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但應被置諸「弱者反抗外來政權」的脈絡予以同情及肯定。血緣論或部族國族主義的風險,在於強勢階級據之發動對弱者的壓迫,而不在於弱勢階級的自救,吾人不應不分脈絡一體非之。</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註7</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而史明、王育德、黃昭堂等台獨前輩的台灣國族主義,皆排斥以血緣界定台灣國族:史明與王育德皆以地緣因素與殖民地受壓迫的共同命運,論證台灣國族之形成</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註8</span>) </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;黃昭堂甚至為了避免與血緣論混淆,以「那想那利斯文」(ナショナリズム)取代民族主義一辭,主張以土地與國家認同來定義台灣人。</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註9</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">部分台獨新世代將台灣國族主義與法西斯、種族主義進行過度聯想,動輒冠以排外、沙文、狹隘的污名,甚至以之為民主的對立面、台獨的負債。網友蔣化慈一針見血地指出:「這是一種長在殖民主義土壤上的進步花朵,一種以</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文化壟斷現狀為想像『福佬沙文主義』之知覺基礎的取締預備犯邏輯。」</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註10</span>) </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們必須省思:是否未對老台獨所倡議的台灣國族主義進行脈絡性地考察?是否錯以為國家打造可以欠缺國族打造(</span><span lang="FR">State-building without nation-building</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)?是否忽略了缺乏認同轉型的解殖運動從未存在的事實(或許對</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位者而言,毋須認同轉型)?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過去與未來的對立、悲情與希望的對立、民族與民主的對立,這類惡意或無知的操作(將解殖建國與普世價值對立)至今仍常見。</span><span lang="FR">(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註11</span>)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《新世代綱領》對台獨舊世代的描繪必須被批判與修正。以台灣國族主義為核心,推動建立新國家、制訂新憲法的台獨前輩,他們的主張既充滿歷史感又具備時代性:一方面喚醒缺席四百年的在地國族意識,一方面避免因為</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">內建的中國之名與史觀而利於</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併台。或許可以如是形容他們的理念:</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不是囿於過去,而是對歷史的重視,也是未來之所繫。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不是徒具悲情,而是對正義的堅持,也是希望之所寄。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不是族群沙文,而是對殖民的反抗,也是民主之所立。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>肆,結語</b></span></span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基於對前輩的尊重,不論是《新世代綱領》或部分台獨新世代,都肯定老台獨的犧牲奉獻;但這種敬意,若伴隨著「否定其主張,或否定其主張的現在性與未來性」,其誠意就必須透過檢視其否定是否合理來判斷了。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">綜上所述,老台獨的建國主張,及其所追求的人文價值,不只絕非</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位的台獨新世代所指控的囿於過去、徒具悲情、族群沙文;更進一步對比,老台獨的解殖路線,與新世代的</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本位,何者更能讓文明的未來、獨立的希望、民主的完善成為可能?道不同不相謀則罷,若批評來自無知,則如仰天而唾,不可不慎。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們不只應對老台獨過去的犧牲奉獻致敬,更應為他們的真知灼見致敬,他們是可敬的建國志士兼知識份子。至於那些在知識與價值品味上鄙薄老台獨的台獨新世代,除了欠老前輩一份真誠的敬意,更欠一份深深的歉意。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">註解</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">】</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註1)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《台灣獨立運動的新世代綱領》全文及相關資訊(<a href="http://ppt.cc/heQ4" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><span lang="FR"><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註2)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《台灣獨立運動的新世代綱領》第六條。</span><span lang="FR"><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註3)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請見拙作〈歷史記憶的人道精神〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/HEtq" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註4)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新一〈台灣「國家失敗」的探問與求解〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/ojjg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><span lang="FR"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註5)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請見拙作〈台獨作為解殖式的公民國族主義〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/iDo~" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註6)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">顏貝瑜〈在本土認同與普世認同之間選擇</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從廖文奎到廖光生的中國觀〉,</span><span lang="FR">p
67-68(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://ppt.cc/NvSc" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註7)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請見拙作〈當被壓迫者被視為壓迫者時</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩種民族主義在台灣〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/qSN2" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃昭堂〈戰後台灣獨立運動與台灣民族主義的發展〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/1Lcf" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><span lang="FR"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鄭光勛〈史明心靈世界初探</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">追溯一個台灣民族主義者的形成過程〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/jFro" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><span lang="FR"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王育德〈台灣民族論〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/79IX" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃昭堂〈戰後台灣獨立運動與台灣民族主義的發展〉</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">張炎憲〈台灣獨立建國運動的典範</span><span lang="FR">──</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃昭堂〉(<a href="http://ppt.cc/f7Db" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註10)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">引文摘自蔣化慈</span><span lang="FR">FB(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://ppt.cc/F7-9" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(註11)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如姚人多:「年輕人重新定義『台獨』。</span><span lang="FR">...</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這條路線由新的人發起,用一套新的表達方法,甚至連語氣都跟以往的老台獨有所區別。</span><span lang="FR">...</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它不再是空洞的『建國』口號,它也不再跟你在法理層次上爭論什麼中華民國與台灣。當然,民族主義的情感與情緒仍在,但是,這一批年輕人的台獨裡面有『社會』、有『正義』,它硬是比老台獨多了一些冷靜。」(<a href="http://ppt.cc/wzxw" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-82266935442415890812014-07-08T05:30:00.001-07:002017-06-26T12:16:15.312-07:00解殖式台獨的超克大補帖(by 格瓦推)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文於2014/5/6首刊《極光電子報》(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/27940527.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>),所收錄文章將不定期更新。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太陽花運動最大的成就,就是讓「台獨」的支持者年輕化,並在社運的領域由黑翻紅。自</span><span lang="FR">1945</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年中國以盟軍身份接管台灣迄今,台獨訴求可粗分二種:第一,台灣不屬於</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;第二,台灣不屬於</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。後者或許可包容「台灣=</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,但這是可議的;前者則尋求台灣解除</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民,建立新共和。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台獨意指解殖建國,這是基本又進步的定義。這種基進,始於黨外時期民主先行者的震聾發聵;而後不幸隱微於李扁時期,由「台灣=</span><span lang="FR">ROC≠PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」的便宜說帖大行其道,遮掩了台灣仍是被殖民社會的事實;幸亦不幸,以中華民族國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">ethnic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為終極關懷的馬英九政權,對內化獨漸統,對外附和中國,</span><span lang="FR">ROC+PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">共構了新的中國殖民體制,點醒了新一代台灣人:台灣仍是被殖民社會。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「我是</span><span lang="FR">XXX</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我主張台灣獨立。」不只越來越多人認同台獨、為台獨洗刷污名,更可喜者,在新生代的台獨主張中,不乏「解除</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民體制」的聲音,中華民國與車輪旗在「拒統」的場合越來越稀有。在隱微多年後,老台獨的薪火,看到了新希望。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">將主權自主化、政治民主化作為國家願景,解殖雖非充分條件,卻是必要條件。當吾人以「殖民</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解殖」為視角,分析台灣的國家崩壞時,許多匪夷所思的統治之惡就有了脈絡,新的國家打造也有了基本方向。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">◎主權自主化:抵抗國共兩黨鬆動台灣主權。「台灣就是中華民國」的便宜說帖,不只會成為本土認同的障礙,且以</span><span lang="FR">ROCer</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作為國籍上的認同將順利嫁接歷史文化意義的「我是中國人」,有利於</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併台。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">◎政治民主化:解決國民黨威權遺留。國民黨是</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制的象徵,並具有無可比擬的優勢。消除</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民統治的正當性,與轉型正義的落實,互為依緣。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解殖是國家正常化的必要條件,台灣國族主義的集結,則是讓解殖成為可能的必要條件。在案例上,戰後所有解殖成功的獨立運動,皆以在地國族主義為旗幟向殖民勢力進行鬥爭。在邏輯上,中國殖民勢力以中國國族主義來正當化台灣社會的認同階序,以取得象徵地位與統治的正當性,欲拆解此支配體系,則必須撼動「中華性」的霸權,這自然得是一場以本土認同對抗殖民者認同的國族主義運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">受殖的台灣人以台灣國族主義凝聚主體認同,並對抗中國殖民勢力因中國國族主義所加諸的壓迫與歧視。但弔詭的是,弱者所賴以自救的解殖的國族主義,卻被污名化為壓迫者,甚至是法西斯。吾人應如何理解並評價各種脈絡的國族主義?老台獨所揭櫫的台灣國族主義是否狹隘排他?缺乏國族主義的解殖運動會成為水月空花,對台灣國族主義的建構與詮釋,已成為台獨建國的必要課題。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解殖作為台獨的基進意義,國族主義作為解殖的必要條件。面對殖民勢力的打壓,以及泛綠陣營對「台灣=</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」的妥協,還有學界對國族主義的一體揚棄,在台獨的論述場域,捍衛解殖與台灣國族主義的正當性,我們責無旁貸。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以下羅列筆者與《超克藍綠》共筆部落格友人,於過去數年關於解殖式台獨的部分文章,附上連結與簡介,供讀者參考,亦作為拋磚引玉。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">1.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">〈您的藍綠</span><span lang="FR">pH</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">值是多少</span><span lang="FR"> ?</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">〉(</span><span lang="FR">by</span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2011/06/ph-by.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:台獨有多種,從台澎金馬的國土台獨到文化解殖的文化台獨。此文的目的不只在於辨識統獨光譜,更重要的是:戳破「中華民國是最大公約數」的謬論。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">2.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈台獨作為解殖式的公民國族主義〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>格瓦推)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2014/01/by_18.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:此文論證三事:(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在正名制憲之前,台灣仍屬於被殖民社會。(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)台獨作為解殖式的公民國族主義,是將土地認同與民主價值緊密連結的國族運動,而非採原初論的種族國族主義。(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)未慮及認同轉型的解殖運動從未存在,國族主義是解殖的必要元素。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">3.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈台灣「國家失敗」的探問與求解〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>新一)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2013/10/blog-post.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:「民主的原則與價值,不足以確保集體性的凝聚,這只能形成一個骨架,至於肉身,必需靠著有歷史意義的象徵與地方所傳遞的情感來承載。」臺灣的國家正常化必須「國族打造」(</span><span lang="FR">nation-building</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與「國家打造」(</span><span lang="FR">state-building</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)靈肉合一。民主就必須是本土,「欠缺國族打造的國家打造」是台灣國家崩壞狀態的主因之一。國民黨的國族打造(中華民族)是無土地支持的假工程;欲使臺灣國家正常化,若只著眼於政府治理機器的有效運作、民主制度的普遍落實等技術性問題,卻忽略了社會團結與政治凝結</span><span lang="FR">(social cohesion)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、以及凝聚社會集體基礎的「正當性」之經營,依然會導致治理失序的「國家失敗」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">4.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈當窮人被敵視時〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2012/05/by.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:在台灣,比起經濟資本,「認同資本」的剝削感更為嚴重。一國之認同資本,有九成是集中於一到三成的人口(中國認同),這些少數的既得利益者,無異於全碗捧去的無良資本家,為了維持特權,他們可以放棄民主價值,甚至敵視公平正義的要求。此文主張認同資本之分佈應尊重民主原則,因此亦反對正名制憲後,台灣認同就可以全碗捧去;彼時必需建立一個機制,讓中國認同者作為少數依然有被尊重的空間。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">5.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈當被壓迫者被視為壓迫者時</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩種民族主義在臺灣〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>格瓦推)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2013/10/by.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:在台灣的脈絡中,以「限制有力者的擴張、保障無力者的生存」為原則,中國國族主義與台灣國族主義豈能一體臧否?當霸權的壓迫仍重如須彌,弱者求生的抵抗未成比例之際,兩造形象若已諷刺地易位:壓迫者被視為被迫者而引發同情、被迫者被視為壓迫者而招致訶責,這是對「抗暴」一詞最大的曲解。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">6.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈您所不知道的鉅型文明衝突在台灣</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2011/09/by_5.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:不要單單把藍綠之爭看作是統獨之爭,不要單單把投票看作是支持廢核四與否的動作,不要單單把</span><span lang="FR">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詮釋為國家將向右走或向左走,這還是一場文化之戰、一場文明衝突的宣判,而產業、環境、核能、農業、勞動</span><span lang="FR">…</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">很多問題居然都是圍繞著「本土」這個老調牙的文化字彙而生的。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">7.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈歡慶國慶</span><span lang="FR">=</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">撕裂族群</span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2010/10/by_9.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:大部分國家的國慶日都與建國、新共和或獨立有關,但是台灣若以十月十日作為國慶,卻是國家創建神話特厚特定族群的不義之舉。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">8.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈統派究竟是民族主義還是帝國主義?</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2013/01/by.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:統派是部族民族主義(</span><span lang="FR">ethnic
nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),也是一種泛主義(</span><span lang="FR">panisme</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泛漢</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華主義。泛主義與帝國主義相似之處:(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)都是有中心的,被兼併之處必然盡成邊陲。(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)兼併皆不需考慮彼此的差異,如歷史經驗已造成的隔閡。(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)視侵略為神聖的行為。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">9.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈遷佔者政權的殖民練習曲</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">寫在台灣現下的被殖民</span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>米那娃之梟)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/27333390.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:抗爭的第一步:必須知道受到什麼壓迫,以及面對的是什麼樣的敵人。殖民對於被統治對象的手段不唯直觀可知的軍事或警察行政等直接國家暴力手段,還包含經濟與文化優勢的壓制與排擠。此類統治思維體系,常以官方</span><span lang="FR">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家民族主義為核心,以其對被殖民者優越地位與優越性的宣稱,作為統治的正當性理由。台灣對威權統治的抗爭,其實本質上而言,就是對於帝國主義的抗爭。台灣所爭取的自由化、民主化,若未能深切理解抗爭的本質,失卻對於自身地位的理解與認知,將不過流於對進步語言的學舌,無法理解與徹底根除暴政與打造自主地重新開端。不能超脫殖民者教育與規訓的窠臼,其無論如何的思索求解,終將是一種無解的匱乏與無力。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">10.</span><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">〈台皮膚、華面具(</span><span lang="FR">1-3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">老皮蛋)</span></b>(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.tw/2011/06/by_8.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">連結</span></span></a></span>)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:法農(</span><span lang="FR">Franz Fanon</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的《黑皮膚、白面具》被視為是後/殖民研究最重要的奠基之作。這本書討論的是法屬西印度群島的情形,卻與台灣的情況有驚人的相似性;這本書談的是黑人與白人殖民者的關係,但閱讀時卻令人冷汗直流:仿佛在描述台灣認同的台灣人與中國殖民者的關係。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">11.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈台灣民族主義</span><span lang="FR"> - </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">史明</span><span lang="FR"> - </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃昭堂〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>格瓦推)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2014/02/by_16.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:以反殖(</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民)反帝(</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併吞)為目的,「推動台灣國族認同」必須作為獨派的基本政治理念。此文簡介獨派前輩史明、黃昭堂的台灣民族主義主張,同時反對種族主義與法西斯的污名。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">12</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈普世價值訴求不足以對抗國共聯手〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/oY2w" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:此文始於一場論戰:追求台獨、國家正常化,是否可由推動普世價值(如人權、民主)而完成,而不需進行國族主義、國家認同的說服甚至攻防?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">13.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈可以這樣來理解黃春明與蔣為文事件〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2011/06/by.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">體制的母語滅絕政策,一方面斬斷斯土斯民的歷史記憶,一方面鞏固外來統治菁英的文化優越性,從中建立統治的合法性。令人心寒的是,在看似民主化之際,語言解殖的訴求卻被污名化為沙文、文革、仇恨。此文揭露了「國語」菁英的醜態,是控訴國民黨語言政策的必讀佳作。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">14.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈為什麼是「台語」而非「閩南語」?〉</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2013/09/by_3.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:台語(</span><span lang="FR">Taiwanese——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">島名的大寫形容詞)之名,不只合乎國際學術界的習慣,也尊重了語族的命名權,彰顯了受殖地的歷史正義,還有助益於向國際社會主張與中國的相異性。若認為其他大島的形容詞大寫可匹配特定語言:主流母語或前主流母語,只有台灣島不行,這不只是歧視台語,還是歧視台灣島。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">15.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈如何面對「中國文化在台灣」?〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>格瓦推)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2014/02/by_25.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:文化台獨要消除的是霸權現象,而非特定文化,它必須是一種屬地式的解殖:在史觀、語言、藝文、品味等面向,去除中國性的霸權,透過在地化與文明機制,依平權、比例與扶弱原則,翻整出台灣國族文化復育與成長的土壤。此文提出三原則:(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)取消中國文化的霸權地位,但不是驅除中國文化於台灣的土地。(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)揚棄原初論,強調在地化,以之建構「台灣性」的內容。(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為了標示台灣與中國的區別而進行文化脫漢。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">16.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈文明或文化的抉擇,南非新認同的啟示〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>馬赫起南)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/25999266.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">17.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈保守反動的「搶救國文教育聯盟」〉</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2012/12/by.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:語文教育的轉型正義。</span><span lang="FR"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">18.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈儒禍</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論四書成為高中必修〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>格瓦推)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/public/articles/view/182" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">19.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈台灣學生該學什麼樣的中國史?〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>馬赫起南)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/LKe-"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:天朝觀的中國史造就了下列四個台灣現代現象:以血統判認同、以中原反本土、以政權論國家、以終統作為歷史使命。此文提出改革之道:(</span><span lang="FR">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)平等地看待東亞各族裔所成立的王國。(</span><span lang="FR">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)反對單核心的中原主義,改以多線文化史觀看待中國文明的流動與累積。(</span><span lang="FR">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)不再以宮廷政治史作為歷史解釋的主軸。(</span><span lang="FR">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)統一中原的帝王史觀,無異於領土擴張的帝國主義史觀,需對相關歌頌進行檢討與批判。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">20.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈台灣學生該學什麼樣的日治史?〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>馬赫起南)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/9oaa" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:回應這二十年來西方的史學改革,日治史所應教授的內容,不該再是「一部台灣所被迫接受的日本殖民史」,而應移位至「一部台灣所(被迫)參與的日本帝國史」。這並非大日本帝國教科書的回魂,相反的,可以是對殖民觀點台灣研究的批判,並重新評估台灣在日本現代化經驗中的貢獻。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">21.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈世界史中的台灣?〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2014/01/by.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">22.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈政治鄉愿的代價:論台南孫文銅像遷移之爭〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>新一)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/articles/view/1178" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">23.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈推倒銅像作為公共空間解殖〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>佛國喬)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2014/02/by_22.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">24.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈當國民黨的清廉招牌被砸後</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從利益結構與意識型態論藍綠板塊的移動〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>格瓦推)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2013/04/by_2424.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">25.</span><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈我是台灣君主立憲派〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><span style="color: #783f04;">佛國喬)</span></b>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2009/08/by_7.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:每當主張解除</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民,統派或中華民國派常會反擊:台灣人也壓迫原住民。本文提出原住民作為虛位元首,既能確立台灣道統,象徵著台灣自古就是該島之人所擁有,又能重建文化政治上階序關係,讓原住民文化從邊緣回到核心處。原住民君主立憲,與解殖、民主機制毫不相違。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">26.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈全球化或者是要主體性?〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>馬赫起南)</b></span>(連結:</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://goo.gl/H3ty4S" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:台獨常被當作全球化浪潮的對立面,甚至抹黑為鎖國,這篇文章試著進行平反。</span></div>
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<span lang="FR">27.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈在馬王鬥中,重看地方派系與侍從主義〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>馬赫起南)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://ppt.cc/y2xm" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">製造的「地位」(</span><span lang="FR">statut</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)政治,讓殖民統治集團擁有因文化優勢而獨佔政經高階,以及理所當然的統治權威。所以不去撼動中華民國及其所加諸台灣(本土)的歧視,綠營不會執政。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR">28.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈這些人欠老台獨一份敬意與歉意〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>格瓦推)</b></span>(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/28995326.html#3" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:「我是</span><span lang="FR">OOO</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我主張台灣獨立」,這是一句有歷史重量的政治宣言。請不要消費這句話,請理解一下台獨運動的理論史、實踐史、被污名化史,以及部份綠營人士如何參與這個污名化史,然後您就會知道「何謂台獨」,並對主張解殖建國的前輩心懷敬意。</span><br />
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<span lang="FR">29.</span><span style="color: #783f04;"><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">〈獨左</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">台獨作為一種左派〉(</span><span lang="FR">by </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><b>格瓦推)</b></span>(</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2014/11/by.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:從左派視角看台獨運動,台獨是被壓迫者的反抗與爭取平權;從解殖視角看左派的社會關懷,黨國殖民體制不只產生了壓迫,其存在本身就是對台灣的壓迫,所以台灣社會的左派理想必然要付諸解殖才有實踐的可能。本文所謂的獨左,不只是獨左並舉(獨</span><span lang="FR">+</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左),更是以解殖為樞紐,論證獨與左的相互證成</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">獨左交織(獨</span><span lang="FR">×</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左)。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.<b><span style="color: #783f04;">〈</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在暴力與民族主義之中的普世價值</span>〉(by 顫抖民族)</span></b>(<a href="http://blog.roodo.com/aurorahope/archives/32032843.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)<br />
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簡介:<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">暴力與民族主義不只可與普世價值相容、可作為實現普世價值的手段,甚至,它們本身就是普世價值所必然具有的成份。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">我們必須以人間的政治邏輯理解普世價值:普世價值的起點不是無差別地接納他人,而是劃定界線,拒絕被他人所侵犯(區分與拒絕)</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">透過「暴力」的邏輯在叢林中圍出一道牆,把普世價值留在裡面,把叢林法則隔在外面。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">31.<b><span style="color: #783f04;">〈</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">解殖與新共和</span>〉(by 格瓦推)</span></b>(<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/%E6%A0%BC%E7%93%A6%E6%8E%A8/%E8%A7%A3%E6%AE%96%E8%88%87%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C/10152370001888159" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)<br />
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簡介:<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">台灣新共和的誕生必然是民主程序的產物;台灣新共和的內容,將必然是土地認同與民主價值的緊密結合。「我們是小國小民,但我們是好國好民」,從被殖民到新共和,台獨追求的是一個落實國民主權、權力分立、保障人權的憲法國家</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這正是鄭南榕殉道的終極關懷。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">32.<b><span style="color: #783f04;">〈人的記憶與土地的記憶〉(by 格瓦推)</span></b>(<a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10153593004283159&set=pb.595818158.-2207520000.1457185015.&type=3&size=500%2C407"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">簡介:記憶鑲嵌於族群,也鑲嵌於土地。戰後中國新移民不是抵達一個無主之地、無人之島;莫去土地脈絡而談「族群之間對彼此歷史記憶的相互體諒」,請尊重在踏上台灣這塊土地之前,已存在於斯土的歷史。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">33.<span style="color: #783f04;"><b style="color: #783f04;">〈偏見與歧視——從「台獨跟性別平權衝突嗎?」的設問談起〉(by 格瓦推)</b>(<a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2016/04/by_26.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></span><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">想到或暗示「工人就是這樣」,這是職業歧視;</span><span lang="FR"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">想到或暗示「南部人就是這樣」,這是地域歧視;</span><span lang="FR"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">想到或暗示「台獨份子就是這樣」,這當然是歧視台獨。</span><span lang="FR"><br /></span><span lang="FR"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「台獨跟性別平權衝突嗎?」提問的邏輯已暗示了台獨與性別歧視的關係。各位致力於反性別歧視的進步份子,是否也應警覺:有無踐踏了反歧視原則?有無將台獨的形象刻板化?有無以偏概全?</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.<b><span style="color: #783f04;">〈從自在國族到自為國族〉(by 格瓦推)</span></b>(<a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2017/06/by.html"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡介:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以台灣為主體的新共和,除了法理憲政的課題,同時需要一場國族再確定運動,包括台灣主體意識行動的集結,以及足以形成國族面貌與內涵的文化工程。這不只是為了從中華民國認同轉變為台灣認同的認同轉型,也是為了讓沈睡的台灣國族(</span><span lang="FR">nation en soi / nation-in-itself</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)覺醒,成為一個有意識推動自我建構的國族(</span><span lang="FR">nation pour soi / nation-for-itself</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773604764156332633.post-38586742694522788662014-06-22T16:37:00.000-07:002014-08-22T16:43:06.054-07:00解殖與新共和(by 格瓦推)<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR">1945</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年中華民國政府代表盟軍接管台灣後,台灣即步入第六個被殖民時代(繼荷蘭、西班牙、東寧、清國、日本之後)。殖民之謂,固然由於國號與憲法的非在地性;更重要的是,黨國體制的統治方法與內容,充滿以中國國族主義為中心而劃分的地位階序,各種對本土的歧視體現在政經資本、語言文化與國族認同的資源分配。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中華民國體制是無法完成土著化的歧視性體制;欲使臺灣國家正常化,若只著眼於政府治理機器的有效運作、民主制度的普遍落實等技術性問題,卻忽略了社會團結與社會凝結(</span><span lang="FR">social cohesion</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、以及凝聚社會集體基礎的「正當性」之經營,依然會導致治理失序的「國家失敗」。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨外時期,先行者以生命為代價所爭取的台獨,內容為「解除</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殖民,建立新共和」,而非現今便宜行事的「台灣=</span><span lang="FR">ROC≠PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」。解殖式的台獨運動,既充滿歷史感又具備時代性:一方面喚醒缺席四百年的屬地認同與屬地國族意識,一方面避免因為</span><span lang="FR">ROC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">內建的中國之名與史觀而利於</span><span lang="FR">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">併台。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">綜觀二戰後世界殖民地獨立風潮,所有解殖成功的案例,皆以在地國族主義為旗幟向殖民勢力進行鬥爭。凡意識到被殖民的事實並進行反抗者,莫不奠基於受壓迫的國族認同;若缺乏以本土認同對抗殖民者認同的國族打造(</span><span lang="FR">nation-building</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),從來不是解殖運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣國族主義的集結,是讓解殖式台獨成為可能的必要條件。國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)不必然導向法西斯甚至種族主義(</span><span lang="FR">racism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。台灣是個移民社會,台獨是以屬地認同進行解殖工程</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">揚棄以原初(尤其是血緣)論國族的部族國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">ethnic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。當屬地認同與自由主義精神結合,就是公民國族主義(</span><span lang="FR">civic nationalism</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">):國家由公民主動參與,產生全民意志而取得法統,人民不論原初,共享共構共和國的制度與價值。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解殖式台獨所對抗者,是殖民統治團隊的霸權,而非特定族群與特定文化。同理,所爭取者,是在地化與平權:「在地」讓台灣性得以復育、豐富與成長,「平權」讓台灣性不再邊陲化、受歧視;而非獨厚特定族群與文化,塑造新霸權。透過深化的民主機制,台獨運動可以是一場平權運動。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如同法蘭西第五共和的成立,是由公民投票支持新憲而結束第四共和。推翻中華民國殖民體制、建立新共和,關鍵在以屬地式國家認同進行正名制憲,無需翻天覆地之舉。(註:因為法國的革命政黨就是指要追求新共和的黨)台灣新共和的誕生必然是民主程序的產物;台灣新共和的內容,將必然是土地認同與民主價值的緊密結合。「我們是小國小民,但我們是好國好民」,從被殖民到新共和,台獨追求的是一個落實國民主權、權力分立、保障人權的憲法國家</span><span lang="FR">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這正是鄭南榕殉道的終極關懷。</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">【延伸閱讀】</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">◎〈解殖式台獨的超克大補帖〉(<u><a href="http://clique2008.blogspot.fr/2014/07/by.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">連結</span></a></u></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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超克藍綠http://www.blogger.com/profile/12107286953441995883noreply@blogger.com0